Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 219

3. The matter from No. 2, freed from siliceous stones by garbling, may be gradually heated to dull redness in a shallow open vessel, avoiding waste from decrepitation, &c. The loss of weight, divided by 10, gives the percentage quant.i.ty of vegetable or organic matter present (nearly).

4. Another 1000 grains (see No. 1) may be next washed with successive portions of cold water as long as anything is removed. The residuum, after being dried, indicates the proportion of sand and gravel (nearly).

5. Another portion of the soil (100, 200, or more gr., according to its character) is tested in the manner described under CARBONATE and ALKALIMETRY. The loss of weight in carbonic acid indicates the quant.i.ty of CARBONATE of lime present in the sample examined; 22 gr. of the former being equal to 50 gr. of the latter.

6. Another like portion of the soil may be gently boiled for 4 or 5 hours, along with dilute hydrochloric acid, in a flask furnished with a long gla.s.s tube pa.s.sing through the cork, to prevent loss (see ETHER); after that time the whole must be thrown upon a filter, and what refuses to pa.s.s through (silica) washed with distilled water, dried, ignited, and weighed.

7. The filtrate and was.h.i.+ngs from No. 6 are next successively treated for alumina (pure clay), lime, phosphate of lime, phosphoric acid, oxide of iron, alkalies (pota.s.sa or soda), ammonia (both ready formed and latent), &c. &c., in the manner noticed under GLa.s.s, GUANO, and the names of the respective substances referred to. See AGRICULTURE, MANURES, &c.

=SOL'ANINE.= _Syn._ SOLANI, SOLANINA, L. A peculiar basic substance, obtained from the leaves and stem of _Solanum Dulcamara_ or _bitter-sweet_, and other species of the _Solanaceae_.

=SOL'DERING.= The union of metallic surfaces by means of a more fusible metal fluxed between them. The method of autogenous soldering, invented by M. De. Richmont, is an exception to this definition. In all the cases surfaces must be perfectly clean, and in absolute contact, and the air must be excluded, to prevent oxidation. For this last purpose the brazier and silversmith use powdered borax made into a paste with water; the coppersmith, powdered sal ammoniac; and the tinman, powdered resin.

Tin-foil applied between the joints of fine bra.s.s work, first wetted with a strong solution of sal ammoniac, makes an excellent juncture, care being taken to avoid too much heat. See SOLUTION (Soldering), and _below_.

=SOL'DERS.= _Prep._ 1. (For copper, iron, and dark bra.s.s.) From copper and zinc, equal parts; melted together. For pale bra.s.s more zinc must be used.

2. (Fine solder.) From tin, 2 parts; lead, 1 part. Melts at 350 Fahr.

Used to tin and solder copper, tin plates, &c.

3. (For German silver.) From German silver, 5 parts; zinc, 4 parts; melted together, run into thin flakes, and then powdered. Also as No. 7.

4. (Glazier's.) From lead, 3 parts; tin, 1 part. Melts at 500 Fahr.

5. (For gold.) Gold, 12 pennyweights; copper, 4 do.; silver, 2 do.

6. (For lead and zinc.) From lead, 2 parts; tin, 1 part.

7. (For pewter, Britannia metal, &c.) From tin, 10 parts; lead, 5 parts; bis.m.u.th, 1 to 3 parts.

8. (For silver.) From fine bra.s.s, 6 parts; silver, 5 parts; zinc, 2 parts.

9. (For tin plate.) From tin, 2 parts; lead, 1 part. The addition of bis.m.u.th, 1 part, renders it fit for pewter.

=SOLE.= The _Solea vulgaris_, a well-known fish. It is perhaps more frequently eaten than any other flat fish, and, when skilfully cooked, exceeds them all in delicacy, nutritiousness, and flavour.

=SOLU'TION.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO, L. Under the head of solutions (SOLUTIONES), in pharmacy, are properly included only those liquids which consist of water, or an aqueous menstruum, in which has been dissolved an appropriate quant.i.ty of any soluble substance to impart to the liquor its peculiar properties. When spirit is the menstruum, the liquid receives the name of alcoholic solution, spirit, or tincture. In the B. P. and the Ph. L. & D.

aqueous solutions are named LIQUORS (LIQUORES), whilst in the Ph. E., and in the old pharmacopias generally, they are termed WATERS (AQUae).

The following list embraces all the solutions of the British pharmacopias, with a few others likely to be useful to the reader. Some other preparations to which the name has been given will be found under LIQUORS, TINCTURES, &c.

=Solution of Ac'etate of Ammo"nia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR OF ACETATE OF AMMONIA, WATER OF A. OF A., MINDERERUS' SPIRIT; AMMONIae ACETATIS LIQUOR (B. P.), LIQUOR AMMONIae ACETATIS (Ph. L. & D.), AMMONIae ACETATIS AQUA (Ph. E.), L.

_Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) From dilute acetic acid, 1 pint; exactly neutralised by sesquicarbonate of ammonia (in coa.r.s.e powder), 9 dr., or q. s. Sp. gr.

1022.

2. (Ph. E.) Distilled vinegar (preferably from French vinegar), sp. gr, 1005, 24 fl. oz.; carbonate (sesquicarbonate) of ammonia, 1 oz., or q. s.

Sp. gr. 1011.

3. (Ph. D.) Sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 2-1/2 oz.; dilute acetic acid, 3 pints. Sp. gr. 1012.

4. (B. P.) Carbonate of ammonia, 3-1/4, or sufficient; acetic acid (28 per cent.), 10; distilled water, 50. Dissolve the carbonate in the acid, and add the water.

_Prop., &c._ Free from colour and odour. It changes the colour neither of litmus nor turmeric. Sulphuretted hydrogen being dropped in, it is not discoloured, neither is anything thrown down on the addition of chloride of barium. What is precipitated by nitrate of silver is soluble in water, but especially so in nitric acid. Pota.s.sa being added, it emits ammonia; and sulphuric acid being added, it gives off acetic vapours. The fluid being evaporated, what remains is completely destroyed by heat.

_Uses, &c._ Solution of acetate of ammonia is a very common and excellent febrifuge and diaph.o.r.etic, and, in large doses, aperient saline liquor.

Taken warm, in bed, it generally proves a powerful sudorific; and as it operates without heat, it is much used in febrile and inflammatory disorders. Its action may likewise be determined to the kidneys, by walking about in the cold air.--_Dose_, 2 to 6 dr., twice or thrice daily, either by itself or along with other medicines. _Externally_, as a discutient and refrigerant lotion; and diluted (1 oz. to 9 oz. of water), as a collyrium in chronic ophthalmia. For this last purpose it must be free from excess of ammonia.

5. (Concentrated.) Saturate acetic acid, sp. gr. 1038, 1/2 gall., with carbonate of ammonia (in powder), 2-1/2 lbs., or q. s.; carefully avoiding excess.

_Obs._ This article is in great demand in the wholesale drug trade, under the name of 'concentrated liquor of acetate of ammonia' (LIQ. AMMON. ACET.

CONC.). It is very convenient for dispensing. One fl. dr. added to 7 fl.

dr. of water forms the LIQUOR AMMONIae ACETATIS of the Ph. L.

=Solution of Acetate of Lead.= See SOLUTION OF DIACETATE OF LEAD.

=Solution of Acetate of Morphia.= _Syn._ LIQUOR MORPHIae ACETATIS (B. P., Ph. L., & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Acetate of morphia, 4 dr.; acetic acid, 15 drops; distilled water, 1 pint; proof spirit, 1/2 pint; mix, and dissolve. Sixty drops (minims) contain 1 gr. of acetate of morphia.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 or 20 drops.

2. (B. P.) Acetate of morphia, 4 gr.; diluted acetic acid, 8 minims; rectified spirit, 2 dr.; distilled water, 6 dr.; dissolve in the mixed liquids.--_Dose_, 10 to 60 minims.

3. (Ph. D.) Acetate of morphia, 82 gr.; rectified spirit, 5 fl. oz.; distilled water, 15 fl. oz. 120 drops (minims) contain 1 gr. of the acetate.--_Dose_, 10 to 45 or 50 drops, or similar to that of tincture of opium.

4. (Magendie.) Each fl. dr. contains 1-1/2 gr. of acetate (nearly).--_Dose_, 5 to 15 drops. Anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic; in those cases in which opium is inadmissible. See MORPHIA.

=Solution of Aconitia.= _Syn._ SOLUTIO ACONITIae (Dr Turnbull). _Prep._ Aconitia, 1 gr.; rectified spirit, 1 dr. To be applied externally by means of a sponge in neuralgic and rheumatic affections.

=Solution of Al'um (Compound).= _Syn._ BATE'S ALUM WATER; LIQUOR ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), AQUA ALUMINOSA COMPOSITA , L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Alum and sulphate of zinc, of each 1 oz.; boiling water, 3 pints; dissolve, and filter (if necessary). Detergent and astringent. Used as a lotion for old ulcers, chilblains, excoriations, &c.; and, largely diluted with water, as an eye-wash and injection.

=Solution of Ammo"nia.= See LIQUOR OF AMMONIA.

=Solution of Ammo"nio-ni'trate of Sil'ver.= _Syn._ HUME'S TEST; SOLUTIO ARGENTI AMMONIATI (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Nitrate of silver (pure crystallised), 44 gr.; distilled water, 1 fl. oz.; dissolve and add ammonia water, gradually, until the precipitate, at first thrown down, is very nearly, but not entirely, redissolved. Used as a test for a.r.s.enic.

=Solution of Ammo"nio-sul'phate of Cop'per.= _Syn._ LIQUOR CUPRI AMMONIO-SULPHATIS (Ph. L.), CUPRI AMMONIATI SOLUTIO (Ph. E.), C. A. AQUA, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Ammonio-sulphate of copper, 1 dr.; water, 1 pint; dissolve, and filter. Stimulant and detergent. Applied to indolent ulcers, and, when largely diluted, to remove specks on the cornea; also used as a test for a.r.s.enic.

=Solution for Anatom'ical Preparations, &c.= _Syn._ ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION.

_Prep._ 1. Nearly saturate water with sulphurous acid, and add a little creasote.

2. Dissolve chloride of tin, 4 parts, in water, 100 parts, to which 3% of hydrochloric acid has been added.

3. Dissolve corrosive sublimate, 1 part, and chloride of sodium, 3 parts, in water, 100 parts, to which 2% of hydrochloric acid has been added.

4. Mix liquor of ammonia (strong) with 3 times its weight (each) of water and rectified spirit.

5. Sal ammoniac, 1 part; water, 10 or 11 parts. For muscular parts of animals.

6. Sulphate of zinc, 1 part; water, 15 to 25 parts. For muscles, integuments, and cerebral ma.s.ses.

7. (Dr Babington.) Wood naphtha, 1 part; water, 7 parts; or wood naphtha undiluted, as an injection.

8. (Sir W. Burnett.) Concentrated solution of chloride of zinc, 1 lb.; water, 1 gall. The substances are immersed in the solution for 2 to 4 days, and then dried in the air.