Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 55

1. _Areometer for liquids_ LIGHTER _than_ WATER, or _Pese-esprit_.[77]

-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------- Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity.

-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+-------- 10 10000 21 09300 32 08690 42 08202 52 07766 11 09932 22 09241 33 08639 43 08156 53 07725 12 09865 23 09183 34 08588 44 08111 54 07684 13 09799 24 09125 35 08538 45 08066 55 07643 14 09733 25 09068 36 08488 46 08022 56 07604 15 09669 26 09012 37 08439 47 07978 57 07556 16 09605 27 08957 38 08391 48 07935 58 07526 17 09542 28 08902 39 08343 49 07892 59 07487 18 09480 29 08848 40 08295 50 07849 60 07449 19 09420 30 08795 41 08249 51 07807 61 07411 20 09359 31 08742 -------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---------

[Footnote 77: These instruments were originally adjusted at the temperature of 12-1/2 Cent., or 54-1/2 Fahr. Those now made in France are adjusted at 15 C., or 59 F.; and those made in England, at either 59 or (more usually) 60 Fahr. The standard temperature of the instrument must be known for its correct application.]

2. _Areometer for liquids_ HEAVIER _than_ WATER; _Pese-acide_, or _Pese-sirop_.[78]

+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ 0 10000 16 11176 32 12667 47 14476 62 16889 1 10066 17 11259 33 12773 48 14615 63 17079 2 10133 18 11343 34 12881 49 14758 64 17273 3 10201 19 11428 35 12992 50 14902 65 17471 4 10270 20 11515 36 13103 51 15051 66 17674 5 10340 21 11603 37 13217 52 15200 67 17882 6 10411 22 11692 38 13333 53 15353 68 18095 7 10483 23 11783 39 13451 54 15510 69 18313 8 10556 24 11875 40 13571 55 15671 70 18537 9 10630 25 11968 41 13694 56 15833 71 18765 10 10704 26 12063 42 13818 57 16000 72 19000 11 10780 27 12160 43 13945 58 16170 73 19241 12 10857 28 12258 44 14074 59 16344 74 19487 13 10935 29 12358 45 14206 60 16522 75 19740 14 11014 30 12459 46 14339 61 16705 76 20000 15 11095 31 12562 +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+

II.--_Corresponding_ SPECIFIC GRAVITIES _and_ DEGREES _of_ BAUMe'S AREOMETER _for heavy liquids_.[78] From the Batavian Pharmacopia.

[Footnote 78: See footnote on previous page.]

+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. Baume. Gravity. +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ 0 1000 16 1125 32 1286 47 1485 62 1758 1 1007 17 1134 33 1298 48 1501 63 1779 2 1014 18 1143 34 1309 49 1516 64 1801 3 1022 19 1152 35 1321 50 1532 65 1823 4 1029 20 1161 36 1334 51 1549 66 1847 5 1036 21 1171 37 1346 52 1566 67 1872 6 1044 22 1180 38 1359 53 1583 68 1897 7 1052 23 1190 39 1372 54 1601 69 1921 8 1060 24 1199 40 1384 55 1618 70 1946 9 1067 25 1210 41 1398 56 1637 71 1974 10 1075 26 1221 42 1412 57 1656 72 2000 11 1083 27 1231 43 1426 58 1676 73 2031 12 1091 28 1242 44 1440 59 1695 74 2059 13 1100 29 1252 45 1454 60 1715 75 2087 14 1108 30 1261 46 1470 61 1738 76 2116 15 1116 31 1275 +-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+

=AREOM'ETRY.= _Syn._ AREOME'TRIA, L.; AReOMeTRIE, Fr. The art or operation of ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids, and hence also their strength or commercial value; hydrometry. See AREOMETER (_above_), HYDROMETRY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, &c.

=ARE'CINA.= C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4}. An alkaloid discovered by Pelletier and Comol, in white cinchona bark from Areca. It is extracted from the bark by the same process as Quinine, viz., by boiling the bark with acidulated water, treating the liquor with lime, and digesting the lime-precipitate in alcohol. The solution filtered at the boiling heat yields a very dark-coloured liquid, which, after a time, deposits the greater part of the aricine in crystals. An additional quant.i.ty may be obtained from the mother-liquor by expelling the alcohol by distillation, treating the residue with a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, separating the greater part of the colouring matter by means of a saturated solution of common salts, then throwing down the aricine by ammonia, dissolving the precipitate in alcohol, decolourising with animal charcoal and crystallising.

=ARGAMONE MEXICANA= (nat. order PAPAVERACEae). A tropical American plant, now a common weed growing in almost every part of India. A fixed oil is obtained from the seeds by expression, which has long been employed as an aperient in the West Indies. In half-drachm doses it is said to act as a gentle aperient, and at the same time it allays, apparently by its sedative qualities, the pain in colic. The smallness of the dose, and the mildness of its operation, commend it to the notice of the medical pract.i.tioner. Its efficiency is impaired by keeping, the freshly prepared oil proving more active and uniform in its action than that which has been long on hand. It is reported to exercise a well-marked and soothing influence when applied to herpetic eruptions and other forms of skin disease. By the natives of India the expressed yellow glutinous juice of the plant is held in high repute as a local application to indolent and foul ulcers.

=ARGENT'INE= (-in). _Syn._ ARGENTI'NUS, L.; ARGENTIN, Fr.; SILBERFARBEN, &c., Ger. Silver-like; pertaining to, resembling, or sounding like silver; argental.

=Ar'gentine.= (-tin). [Eng., Fr.] German silver*. In _mineralogy_, nacreous carbonate of lime, from its whiteness and silvery l.u.s.tre.

=ARGENT'UM.= [L.] Silver. In _old chemistry_ and _pharmacy_, ARGENTUM, FUGITI"VUM, A. MO'BILE (-il-e), was quicksilver; A. MOR'TUUM, dead silver, grain-s; A. MUSI'VUM, mosaic s., silver-bronze; A. NITRA'TUM, lunar caustic; A. VI'VUM, quicksilver; A. ZOoTIN'Ic.u.m, cyanide of silver; &c.

=AR'GIL= (jil). _Syn._ ARGIL'LA, L.; ARGILE, Fr. Clay or potter's earth.

=ARGILLA'CEOUS= (-jil-). _Syn._ ARGILLA'CEUS, L.; ARGILLEUX, Fr.; THONIG, THONARTIG, Ger. Clayey; pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of clay or argil. In _agriculture_, an epithet of soils (ARGILLACEOUS SOILS) of which clay is the princ.i.p.al or characteristic ingredient.

=Argil'lo-arena'ceous= (-jil-). In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and sand.

=Argillo-calca"reous.= In _agr._, consisting chiefly of clay and chalk.

=AR'GOL.= _Syn._ ARGAL*; TAR'TARUS CRU'DUS, L.; TARTRE BRUT, Fr.; WEINSTEIN, Ger. Crude bitartrate of potash, as deposited by wine. That from red wine is RED ARGOL; that from white wine, WHITE ARGOL. See TARTAR.

=ARM'ATURE= (-a-ture). _Syn._ ARMATU"RA, L. In _magnetism_, a piece of soft iron used to connect the poles of a horseshoe magnet, for the purpose of preventing loss of power.

=AR'NICA.= [L., Fr., Eng.] _Syn._ ARNIQUE, Fr.; ARNIKA, WOLVERLEI, Ger. In _botany_, a genus of plants of the nat. ord. Compositae (DC.). In the Ph.

U. S., arnica montana (see _below_).

=Arnica Monta'na.= [L.; Linn.] _Syn._ ARNICA, MOUN'TAIN A., M. TOBAC'CO, GERMAN LEOP'ARD'S BANE; PANACE'A LAPSO"RUM*, L. ARNIQUE, A. DES MONTAGNES, TABAC DES SAVOYARDS ET DES VOSGES, Fr.; ARNIKA, FALKRAUT, &c., Ger. _Hab._ Meadows of the cooler parts of Europe, North America, and Siberia. It is now cultivated in our gardens. Flowers (ARNICA, Ph. U. S., Castr. Ruth., and Bor.) and leaves, diaph.o.r.etic, diuretic, stimulant, and narcotic; in large doses emetic and purgative; root discutient; whole herb diaph.o.r.etic, stimulant, and nervine.

_Prop., &c._ Arnica acts as an energetic stimulant on the cerebro-spinal system, and as an irritant on the stomach and bowels. It is much employed on the Continent, and is given in a great variety of diseases--amaurosis, chlorosis, convulsions, diarrha, dysentery, gout, paralysis, rheumatism, &c. It is much used in Germany, instead of bark, in intermittents, putrid fevers, and gangrene. In France it is commonly employed as an excito-tonic in paralysis. It has been greatly extolled, as a restorative, and in bruises and injuries from falls. The Savoyards and inhabitants of the Vosges both smoke and 'snuff' the leaves. In England it is little used except by h.o.m.opaths. It is said that no animal but the goat will eat this plant. (Thomson.) Its noxious properties chiefly depend on the presence of cytisine.--_Dose._ Flowers, 5 to 10 gr., in powder, with syrup or honey; root, 10 to 20 gr. It is most conveniently administered under the form of infusion or tincture. Severe abdominal pains and vertigo, and even teta.n.u.s and death, have followed excessive doses.

_Obs._ According to Dupuytren, the emetic action of infusion of arnica depends on minute particles of the down of the plant which remain suspended in it, and which may be removed by filtration. See INFUSIONS, TINCTURES, &c.

=ARNATT'O, Arnott'o.= See ANNOTTA.

=AR'NICINE= (seen). This name has been applied to two substances--the one discovered by Pfaff; the other by Bastick:--

=Arnicine= (of Pfaff). The resinous matter extracted by alcohol from the roots and flowers of mountain arnica, and in which their acridity appears to reside.

=Arnicine= (of Bastick). _Syn._ ARNICI'NA, ARNICI"A (nish'-y'a), L.

_Prep._ 1. (Bastick.) From the flowers, by a similar process to that by which he obtains lobelina. 2. From the flowers (or root), as directed under ARICINA.

_Prop., &c._ Bitter; acrid; crystallisable scarcely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether; forms salts with the acids, the hydrochlorate and one or two others being crystallisable. Its physiological properties and dose have not as yet been accurately determined.

=ARO'MA.= [L.] _Syn._ AROME, Fr.; AROM, GERUCHSTOFF, Ger. The characteristic odour of substances, particularly the peculiar quality of plants, and of substances derived from them, which const.i.tutes their fragrance.

=AROMA'TA.= [L.] See AROMATIC.

=AROMAT'IC.= _Syn._ AROMAT'ICUS, L.; AROMATIQUE, Fr.; GEWuRZHAFT, Ger.

Fragrant; odoriferous; spicy; applied chiefly to plants and their products (AROMATICS, A. PLANTS; AROMAT'A, AROMAT'ICA, L.; AROMATIQUES, ePICES, Fr.; GEWURZ, Ger.) characterised by their spicy odour or aroma, and warm pungent flavour, and of which allspice, cinnamon, cloves, lavender, pepper, rosemary, sage, &c., are well-known examples. They are all stimulant, carminative, and antiseptic; and from remote antiquity have been regarded as prophylactic and disinfectant.

=Aromatic.= In _medicine_, _pharmacy_, _perfumery_, &c., applied to substances, simple or compound, characterised by an agreeable odour or carminative properties, or both; as aromatic confection, a. pastilles, a.

vinegar, a. bark (CORTEX AROMATICUS, white canella), &c.

=AROMATIC SULPHUR-SOAP= (Ed. Heger). For cleansing the teeth and mouth. A hard sulphur-coloured soap externally; on cutting, greyish-brown. Composed of soap with 10 per cent. of hyposulphite of soda, perfumed with a scent resembling oil of balm. (Hager.)

=AROMATIQUE= (Albin Muller, Brunn). Spirit (90 per cent.), 50 grms.; sugar, 45 grms.; extractive matter, 4 grms. (composed of cinnamon, cloves, galangal, zedoary, angelica, anise); water, 81 grms. Sold in wine-bottle-shaped bottles, and recommended for all derangements of the digestive organs. (Hager.)

=ARQUEBUSADE'= (ar-ke-boo-zade'). [Fr.] Primarily, the shot of an arquebuse; but afterwards applied to an aromatic spirit (EAU D'ARQUEBUSADE, Fr.), originally employed as an application to gunshot (arquebuse) wounds.

=AR'RACK= (_Syn._ RACK) (arrack'--Brande). [Ind.] _Syn._ ARAC, ARACK, RACK--; PALM-SPIRIT; AR'AC'CA, SPIR'ITUS PAL'Mae, S. SUC'CI P., S. ORY'Zae*, L.; ARACK, Fr.; Arak, Ger. A spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. The finer qualities are distilled from the fermented juice (toddy, palm-wine) of the cocoa-nut tree, palmyra tree, and other palms; and the other kinds, from the infusion of unhusked rice (rice-beer), fermented with cocoa-nut or palm-juice, either with or without the addition of coa.r.s.e sugar or jaggery.

_Prop., &c._ It is colourless or nearly so, but like other spirit, when long kept in wood, gradually acquires a slight tinge, similar to that of old Hollands. The best kinds, when of sufficient age, are pleasant flavoured, and are probably as wholesome as the other spirits of commerce; but common arrack has a strong and somewhat nauseous flavour and odour, depending on the presence of volatile oil derived from the rice, and corresponding to that of corn-spirit. The inferior qualities are hence more heating and apt to disagree with the stomach than the other commercial spirits. In this country it is chiefly used to make punch. When sliced pine-apples are put into good arrack, and the spirit kept for some time, it mellows down and acquires a most delicious flavour, and is thought by many to be then unrivalled for making 'nectarial punch' or 'rack-punch.'

_Obs._ Batavian arrack is most esteemed; then that of Madras; and next that of China. Others are regarded as inferior. The common par'iah arrack is generally narcotic, very intoxicating, and unwholesome; being commonly prepared from coa.r.s.e jaggery, spoilt toddy, refuse rice, &c., and rendered more intoxicating by the addition of hemp-leaves, poppy-heads, juice of stramonium, and other deleterious substances.

=Arrack, Facti"tious.= _Syn._ MOCK AR'RACK, BRIT'ISH A.; VAUXHALL'NEC'TAR; &c. _Prep._ Good old Jamaica rum (uncoloured), rectified spirit (54 to 56 o. p.; clean flavoured), and water, of each 1 quart; flowers of benzoin, 1 dr.; sliced pine-apple, 1/4 oz. (or essence of pine-apple, 1/2 teaspoonful); digest, with occasional agitation, for a fortnight; then add of skimmed milk 1 wine-gla.s.sful; agitate well for 15 minutes, and in a few days decant the clear portion.

The crude Indian arrack, when subjected to distillation until it has a sp.

gr. 920, is employed in India, as proof spirit, in the preparation of official tinctures, and for other pharmaceutical purposes. A very useful stimulating application, known in India as toddy poultice, and intended as a subst.i.tute for yeast poultice, is prepared by adding freshly drawn toddy to rice flour, till it has the consistence of a soft poultice, and subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire, stirring constantly till fermentation commences.

The light brown cotton-like substance from the outside of the base of the fronds belonging to the Palmyra palm is employed by the Cyngalese doctors as a styptic for stopping the haemorrhage of superficial wounds.

=AR'ROW-ROOT.= The common name of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; _m.

Indi'ca_--Tuss.); a plant of the nat. ord. Marantaceae (Lindl.; Cannaceae--Endl.). It was originally brought from the island of Dominica to Barbadoes, by Col. James Walker. It has since been extensively cultivated in the West Indies.

_Tubers_ yield true ARROW-ROOT; when fresh and good they contain about 26% of starch, of which 23% may be obtained as arrow-root, and the rest by boiling.

=Arrow-root.= _Syn._ MARAN'TA, AM'YLUM MARAN'Tae, FaeC'ULA M., L.; RACINE FLeCHIeRE, PIVOT, Fr.; PFEILWURZ, P.-SATZMEHL, Ger. The starch or fecula obtained from the rhizoma or tubers of _maran'ta arundina'cea_ (Linn.; see _above_), and which forms the true 'arrow-root' of commerce.

_Prep._ The fecula is extracted from the tubers when they are about 10 or 12 months old, by a process similar to that by which the farina is obtained from potatoes. In Bermuda the tubers, after being washed, are deprived of their paper-like scales and every discoloured and defective part by hand; they are then again washed and drained, and next subjected to the action of a wheel-rasp, the starch being washed from the comminuted tubers with rain-water; the milky liquid is pa.s.sed through a hair sieve, or a coa.r.s.e cloth, and allowed to deposit its fecula. This is then allowed to drain, after which it is again carefully washed with clean water, again drained, and, after being thoroughly dried in the air or sun, is at once packed for market. (Cogswell.) In St. Vincent (on the Hopewell Estate), a cylindrical crus.h.i.+ng-mill, tinned-copper was.h.i.+ng machines, and German-silver palettes and shovels are employed; whilst the drying is effected in extensive sheds, under white gauze, to exclude insects. In Jamaica the washed tubers are generally pulped in deep wooden mortars; machinery being seldom employed in any part of the process.