The Travels of Marco Polo Volume II Part 165

LIX., p. 128.

CAUGIGU.

M. Georges Maspero, _L'Empire Khmer_, p. 77 n., thinks that Canxigu = Luang Prabang; I read Caugigu and I believe it is a transcription of _Kiao-Chi Kwe_, see p. 131.

LIX., pp. 128, 131.

"I have identified, II., p. 131, Caugigu with _Kiao-Chi kwe_ (Kiao Chi), i.e. Tung King." Hirth and Rockhill (_Chau Ju-kua_, p. 46 n.) write: "'Kiau chi' is certainly the original of Marco Polo's Caugigu and of Ras.h.i.+deddin's Kafchi kue."

[1] _Pen ts'ao kang mu_, Ch. 25, p. 14b.

[2] Regarding this name and its history, see PELLIOT, _Journ. Asiatique_, 1912, I., p. 582. Qara Khodja was celebrated for its abundance of grapes. (BRETSCHNEIDER, _Mediaeval Res._, I., p. 65.) J. DUDGEON (_The Beverages of the Chinese_, p. 27) misreading it Ha-so-hwo, took it for the designation of a sort of wine. STUART (_Chinese Materia Medica_, p. 459) mistakes it for a transliteration of "hollands," or may be "alcohol." The latter word has never penetrated into China in any form.

[3] This work is also the first that contains the word _a-la-ki_, from Arabic 'araq. (See _T'oung Pao_, 1916, p, 483.)

[4] A range of mountains separating Shan Si from Chi li and Ho Nan.

[5] This is probably a phantasy. We can make nothing of it, as it is not stated how the adulterated wine was made.

[6] This possibly is the earliest Chinese allusion to alcohol.

BOOK SECOND.--CONTINUED.

PART III.--JOURNEY SOUTHWARD THROUGH EASTERN PROVINCES OF CATHAY AND MANZI.

LX., p. 133.

CH'ANG LU.

The Rev. A.C. MOULE (_T'oung Pao_, July, 1915, p. 417) says that "Ciang lu [Ch'anglu] was not, I think, identical with Ts'ang chou," but does not give any reason in support of this opinion.

CH'ANG LU SALT.

"To this day the _sole name_ for this industry, the financial centre of which is T'ien Tsin, is the 'Ch'ang-lu Superintendency.'" (E.H. PARKER, _As. Quart. Review_, Jan., 1904, p. 147.) "The 'Ch'ang-lu,' or Long Reed System, derives its name from the city Ts'ang chou, on the Grand Ca.n.a.l (south of T'ientsin), once so called. In 1285 Kublai Khan 'once more divided the Ho-kien (Chih-li) and Shan Tung interests,' which, as above explained, are really one in working principle. There is now a First Cla.s.s Commissary at Tientsin, with sixteen subordinates, and the Viceroy (who until recent years resided at Pao ting fu) has nominal supervision."

(PARKER, _China_, 1901, pp. 223-4.)

"Il y a 10 groupes de salines, _Tch'ang_, situes dans les districts de Fou ning hien, Lo t'ing hien, Loan tcheou, Fong joen hien, Pao tch'e hien, T'ien tsin hien, Tsing hai hien, Ts'ang tcheou et Yen chan hien. Il y a deux procedes employes pour la fabrication du sel: 1 On etale sur un sol uni des cendres d'herbes venues dans un terrain sale et on les arrose d'eau de mer; le liquide qui s'en ecoule, d'une densite suffisante pour faire flotter un ceuf de poule ou des graines de nenuphar, _Che lien_, est chauffe pendant 24 heures avec de ces memes herbes employees comme combustible, et le sel se depose. Les cendres des herbes servent a une autre operation. 2 L'eau de mer est simplement evaporee au soleil....

L'administrateur en chef de ce commerce est le Vice-roi meme de la province de Tche-li." (P. HOANG, _Sel, Varietes Sinologiques_, No. 15, p.

3.)

LXI., pp. 136, 138.

SANGON--T'SIANG KIUN.

"Le t.i.tre chinois de _tsiang kiun_ 'general' apparait toujours dans les inscriptions de l'Orkhon sous la forme _sanun_, et dans les ma.n.u.scrits turcs de Tourfan on trouve _sangun_; ces formes avaient prevalu en Asie centrale et c'est a elles que repond le _sangon_ de Marco Polo" (ed.

Yule-Cordier, II., 136, 138). PELLIOT, _Kao tch'ang_, _J. As._, Mai-Juin, 1912, p. 584 _n._

LXI., p. 138.

LITAN.

"For Li T'an's rebellion and the siege of Ts'i-nan, see the _Yuan s.h.i.+h_, c. v, fol. 1, 2; c. ccvi, fol. 2x; and c. cxviii, fol. 5r'o. From the last pa.s.sage it appears that Aibuga, the father of King George of Tenduc, took some part in the siege. Prince Ha-pi-ch'i and s.h.i.+h T'ien-tse, but not, that I have seen, Agul or Mangutai, are mentioned in the _Yuan s.h.i.+h_." (A.

C. MOULE, _T'oung Pao_, July, 1915, p. 417.)

LXII., p. 139.

SINJUMATU

This is Ts'i ning chau. "Sinjumatu was on a navigable stream, as Marco Polo expressly states and as its name implies. It was not long after 1276, as we learn from the _Yuan s.h.i.+h_ (lxiv), that Kublai carried out very extensive improvements in the waterways of this very region, and there is nothing improbable in the supposition that the _ma-t'ou_ or landing-place had moved up to the more important town, so that the name of Chi chou had become in common speech Sinjumatu (Hsin-chou-ma-t'ou) by the time that Marco Polo got to know the place." (A.C. MOULE, _Marco Polo's Sinjumatu, T'oung Pao_, July, 1912, pp. 431-3.)

LXII., p. 139 n.

GREAT Ca.n.a.l.

"Et si voz di qu'il ont un fluns dou quel il ont grant profit et voz dirai comant. Il est voir qe ceste grant fluns vient de ver midi jusque a ceste cite de Singuimatu, et les homes de la ville cest grant fluns en ont fait deus: car il font l'une moitie aler ver levant, et l'autre moitie aler ver ponent: ce est qe le un vait au Mangi, et le autre por le Catai. Et si voz di por verite que ceste ville a si grant navile, ce est si grant quant.i.te, qe ne est nul qe ne veisse qe peust croire. Ne entendes qe soient grant nes, mes eles sunt tel come besogne au grant fluns, et si voz di qe ceste naville portent au Mangi e por le Catai si grant abondance de mercandies qe ce est mervoille; et puis quant elles revienent, si tornent encore cargies, et por ce est merveieliosse chouse a veoir la mercandie qe por celle fluns se porte sus et jus." (_Marco Polo, Soc. de Geog._, p. 152.)

LXIV., p. 144.

CAIJU.

The Rev. A.C. Moule writes (_T'oung Pao_, July, 1915, p. 415): "Hai chou is the obvious though by no means perfectly satisfactory equivalent of Caigiu. For it stands not on, but thirty or forty miles from, the old bed of the river. A place which answers better as regards position is Ngan tung which was a _chou_ (_giu_) in the Sung and Yuan Dynasties. The _Kuang-yu-hsing-sheng_, Vol. II., gives Hai Ngan as the old name of Ngan Tung in the Eastern Wei Dynasty."

LXIV., p. 144 n.

"La voie des transports du tribut n'etait navigable que de Hang tcheou au fleuve Jaune, [Koublai] la continua jusqu'aupres de sa capitale. Les travaux commencerent en 1289 et trois ans apres on en faisait l'ouverture.

C'etait un ruban de plus de (1800) mille huit cents li (plus de 1000 kil.). L'etendue de ce Ca.n.a.l, qui merite bien d'etre appele imperial (Yu ho), de Hang Tcheou a Peking, mesure pres de trois mille li, c'est-a-dire plus de quatre cents lieues." GANDAR, _Le Ca.n.a.l Imperial_, 1894, pp.

21-22. Kwa Chau (Caiju), formerly at the head of the Grand Ca.n.a.l on the Kiang, was destroyed by the erosions of the river.

LXV., p. 148 n.

Instead of K_o_tan, note 1, read K_i_tan. "The ceremony of leading a sheep was insisted on in 926, when the Tungusic-Corean King of Puh-hai (or Manchuria) surrendered, and again in 946, when the puppet Chinese Emperor of the Tsin Dynasty gave in his submission to the Kitans." (E.H. PARKER, _As. Quart. Rev._, January, 1904, p. 140.)

LXV., p. 149.

LIN NGAN.

It is interesting to note that the spoils of Lin Ngan carried to Khan Balig were the beginning of the Imperial Library, increased by the doc.u.ments of the Yuen, the Ming, and finally the Ts'ing; it is noteworthy that during the rebellion of Li Tze-ch'eng, the library was spared, though part of the palace was burnt. See N. PERI, _Bul. Ecole franc. Ext.

Orient_, Jan.-June, 1911, p. 190.

LXVIII., p. 154 n.

YANJU.