The Care of Books Part 17

In later times, when regular libraries had been built for the monasteries, a special series of portraits occasionally appeared in gla.s.s, on a system similar to that worked out in other materials in Roman and post-Roman libraries; and sometimes, in other libraries, subjects are to be met with instead of portraits, to indicate the nature of the works standing near them. But I cannot say whether cloister-gla.s.s was ever treated in this way.

FOOTNOTES:

[115] _Epist._ XLIX. -- 3. Ad Pammachium. Revolve omnium quos supra memoravi commentarios, et ecclesiarum bibliothecis fruere et magis concito gradu ad optata coeptaque pervenies.

[116] I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to the article "Libraries," in the _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_, and to the references there given.

[117] _Hist. Eccl._ VI. 20. [Greek: ekmazon de kata touto pleious logioi kai ekklesiastikoi andres on kai epistolas as pros allelous diecharatton eti nun sozomenas enrein euporon ai kai eis emas ephylachthesan en te kata ten Ailian bibliotheke pros tou tenikade ten autothi diepontos paroikian Alexandrou episkeuastheioe, aph' hes kai autoi tas ulas tes meta cheiras upotheseos epi tauto sunagagein dedunemetha].

[118] _Epist._ x.x.xIV., _Ad Marcellum._ De aliquot locis Psalmi cxxvi.

Migne, Vol. XXII. 448.

[119] _Ibid._ _De Viris Ill.u.s.tribus_, Chap. 3. Migne, Vol. XXIII. 613.

Porro ipsum Hebraic.u.m habetur usque hodie in Caesariensi bibliotheca quam Pamphilus martyr studiose confecit.

[120] _Comment. in t.i.tum_, Chap. 3, v. 9. Unde et n.o.bis curae fuit omnes Veteris Legis libros quos vir doctus Adamantius in Hexapla digesserat de Caesariensi bibliotheca descriptos ex ipsis authenticis emendare.

[121] Optatus: _De schismate Donatistarum._ Fol. Paris, 1702. App. p. 167.

[122] _Augustini Opera_, Paris, 1838, XI. p. 102.

[123] _Bullettino di Archeologia Christiana_, Serie terza, 1876, p. 48.

[124] _Epist._ x.x.xII. -- 10 (ed. Migne, Vol. LXI. p. 335). Basilica igitur illa ... reliquiis apostolorum et martyrum intra apsidem trichoram sub altaria sacratis.

[125] _Ibid._ -- 13. c.u.m duabus dextra laevaque conchulis intra spatiosum sui ambitum apsis sinuata laxetur, una earum immolanti hostias jubilationis antist.i.ti parat; altera post sacerdotem capaci sinu receptat orantes ... -- 16. In secretariis vero duobus quae supra dixi circa apsidem esse hi versus indicant officia singulorum.

[126] Book I. Chap. 2. _De Acacia._ [Greek: pherei sperma en thulakois sunezeugmenois trichorois e tetrachorois]. Comp. also Book IV. Chap. 167.

The use of the apse is discussed by Lenoir, _Architecture Monastique_, 4to. Paris, 1852, Vol. I. p. 111.

[127] Holsten, _Codex Regularum_, fol. 1759, 1. Regula S. Pachomii, No. c.

p. 31. Nemo vadens ad collectam aut ad vescendum dimittat codicem non ligatum. Codices qui in fenestra id est intrinsecus parietis reponuntur ad vesperum erunt sub manu secundi qui numerabit eos et ex more concludet.

The word fenestra is ill.u.s.trated by a previous section of the Rule, No.

Lx.x.xII. p. 30. Nullus habebit separatim mordacem pavulam ad evellendas spinas si forte calcaverit absque Praeposito domus et secundo: pendeatque in fenestra in qua codices collocantur. Ducange says that the word is used for the small cupboard in which the Sacrament was reserved. Here it is evidently a recess in the wall closed by a door--like one of the later armaria. On Pachomius and his foundation see _The Lausiac History of Palladius_, by Dom Cuthbert Butler, Camb. 1898, and esp. p. 234.

[128] _Benedicti Regula Monachorum_, ed. E. Woelfflin, Leipzig, Teubner, 1895.

[129] _De secunda feria quadragesimae._ In capitulo nequaquam alia Regulae sententia legitur quam quae est de quadragesima. Recitatur quoque _Brevis_ librorum qui anno praeterito sunt ad legendum fratribus erogati. c.u.m quilibet frater nominatur, surgit, et librum sibi datum reddit: et si eum forte non perlegerit, pro indiligentia veniam pet.i.t. Est autem unus tapes ibi constratus super quem illi libri ponuntur, de quibus iterum quanti dantur, dantur c.u.m _Brevi_; et ad hoc est una tabula aliquantulum major facta. _Antiquiores Consuetudines Cluniacensis Monasterii._ Lib. I. Cap.

LII. D'Achery, _Spicilegium_, ed. 1723, I. 667.

[130] _Ibid._ Lib. III. Cap. X. _Ibid._ 690. _De Praecentore et Armario._ Praecentor et Armarius Armarii nomen obtinuit eo quod in ejus manu solet esse Bibliotheca quae et in alio nomine Armarium appellatur.

[131] Reyner. _Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia_, fol. 1626. App. Part III. p. 211. As Lanfranc styles himself in the prologue Bishop of Rouen, these decrees must have been issued between August 1067 and August 1070, when he was made Archbishop of Canterbury.

[132] Reyner, _Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia_, fol. 1626. App. Part III. p. 216.

[133] I am aware that the Customs printed by D'Achery are dated 1110; but it need not be a.s.sumed that they were written in that year. Similar directions are to be found among the Veteres Consuetudines of the Benedictine Abbey of S. Benoit sur Loire, or Fleury, founded A.D. 625.

_Floriacensis vetus Bibliotheca_, 8vo. Lyons, 1605, p. 394.

[134] Cantor almaria puerorum juvenum et alia in quibus libri conventus reponentur innovabit fracta praeparabit [reparabit?] pannos librorum bibliothecae reperiet fracturas librorum reficiet. _Chronicon monasterii de Abingdon_ (De obedientariis Abbendoniae). Rolls Series, II. 371.

[135] Cantor non potest libros vendere dare vel impignorare. Cantor non potest libros accommodare nisi pignore, quod tanti vel majoris fuerit, reposito. Tutius est pignori inc.u.mbere quam in personam agere. Hoc autem licet facere tantum vicinis ecclesiis vel excellentibus personis. _Ibid._ pp. 373, 374.

[136] _Mon. Angl._ II. 39. The last sentence runs as follows in the original: Nullus librum capiat nisi scribatur in rotulo ejus; nee alicui liber aliquis mutuo tradatur absque competenti et sufficienti memoriali, et hoc ponatur in rotulo ipsius. I owe this quotation and the last to Father Gasquet's _Some Notes on Medieval Monastic Libraries_, 1891, p. 10.

[137] Adhuc etiam libros ad legendum de armario accipit duos quibus omnem diligentiam curamque prebere monetur ne fumo ne puluere vel alia qualibet sorde maculentur; Libros quippe tanquam sempiternum animarum nostrarum cib.u.m cautissime custodiri et studiosissime volumus fieri vt qui ore non possumus dei verb.u.m manibus predicemus. Guigonis, Prioris Carthusiae, _Statuta_. Fol. Basle, 1510. _Statuta Antiqua_, Part 2, Cap. XVI. -- 9.

[138] Libros c.u.m commodantur nullus contra commodantium retineat voluntatem. _Ibid._ Cap. x.x.xII. -- 16.

[139] _Les Monuments primitifs de la Regle Cistercienne_, par Ph.

Guignard, 8vo. Dijon, 1878, p. 237.

[140] _The Observances in use at the Augustinian Priory of S. Giles and S.

Andrew at Barnwell_: ed. J. W. Clark. 8vo. Camb., 1897, p. 15. This pa.s.sage also occurs in the Customs of the Augustinian House at Gronendaal near Brussels. MS. in the Royal Library, Brussels, fol. 53 v^o. _De Armario._

[141] As I know of no other pa.s.sage in a medieval writer which describes an _armarium_, I transcribe the original text: Armarium, in quo libri reponuntur, intrinsecus ligno vest.i.tum esse debet ne humor parietum libros humectet vel inficiat. In quo eciam diversi ordines seorsum et deorsum distincti esse debent, in quibus libri separatim collocari possint, et distingui abinvicem, ne nimia compressio ipsis libris noceat, vel querenti moram inuectat.

[142] Statuta primaria Praemonstratensis Ordinis, Cap. VII. ap. Le Paige, _Bibliotheca Praem. Ord._ fol. Paris, 1633, p. 803. The words are: Ad Armarium pertinet libros custodire, et si sciverit emendare; Armarium librorum, c.u.m necesse fuerit, claudere et aperire ... libros mutuo accipere c.u.m necesse fuerit et nostros quaerentibus commodare sed non sine licentia Abbatis vel Prioris absente Abbate et non sine memoriali competenti.

[143] The delightful story of S. Francis and the brother who wished for a psalter of his own is told in the _Speculum Perfectionis_, ed. Sabatier, 8vo. Paris, 1898, p. 11.

[144] These Const.i.tutions have been printed by Father F. Ehrle in a paper called _Die altesten Redactionen der Generalconst.i.tutionen des Franziskanerordens_, in "Archiv fur Literatur und Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters," Band VI. pp. 1-138. The pa.s.sages cited above will be found on p. 111.

[145] _The Philobiblon of Richard de Bury._ ed. E. C. Thomas, 8vo. Lond.

1888, p. 203.

[146] In the Cluniac Customs those volumes only which had been a.s.signed to particular brethren are to be laid on the carpet. It is difficult to understand the reason for this formal a.s.signment of a book to each brother who chose to ask for one. As brethren in those early times had no separate cubicles or cells, it could hardly imply more than a precaution against the difficulty of two brethren requiring the use of the same volume.

Possibly the whole intention was disciplinary, to ensure study as prescribed by the Rule.

[147] Delisle, _Bibl. de l'ecole des Chartes_, Ser. 3, Vol. I. p. 225.

Interdicimus inter alia viris religiosis, ne emittant juramentum de non commodando libros suos indigentibus, c.u.m commodare inter praecipua misericordiae opera computetur. Sed, adhibita consideratione diligenti, alii in domo ad opus fratrum retineantur; alii secundum providentiam abbatis, c.u.m indemnitate domus, indigentibus commodentur. Et a modo nullus liber sub anathemate teneatur, et omnia predicta anathemata absolvimus.

Labbe, _Concilia_, XI. 69.

[148] Delisle, _Cab. des Ma.n.u.scrits_, II. 226.

[149] M. Delisle (_ut supra_, II. 124) cites an inscription in one of the MSS. of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris: "Liber iste de Corbeia: sed prestaverunt n.o.bis usque Pascha."

[150] Mabillon, _Thesaurus Anecdotorum_, Vol. 1. p. 151.

[151] _Opera Thomae a Campis_, fol. 1523. Fol. XLVII. 7. The pa.s.sage occurs in his _Doctrinale Juvenum_, Cap. V.

[152] _Medieval Monastic Libraries_: by F. A. Gasquet, p. 15. The pa.s.sage translated above occurs in a Custumary of S. Augustine's, Canterbury, MSS.

Cotton, Faustina, c. XII. fol. 196 b.

[153] _Cat. Monte Ca.s.sino_, II. 299.

[154] Theodmarus Ca.s.sinensis to Charlemagne, ap. Haeften, _Disquisitiones Monasticae_, fol. 1644, p. 1088.