Benjamin Franklin Part 85

SOME GOOD WHIG PRINCIPLES

[Date unknown]

DECLARATION of those RIGHTS of the Commonalty of Great Britain, _without which they cannot be_ FREE.

It is declared,

First, That the government of this realm, and the making of laws for the same, ought to be lodged in the hands of King, Lords of Parliament, and Representatives of _the whole body_ of the freemen of this realm.

Secondly, That _every man_ of the commonalty (excepting infants, insane persons, and criminals) is, of common right, and by the laws of G.o.d, a _freeman_, and ent.i.tled to the free enjoyment of _liberty_.

Thirdly, That liberty, or freedom, consists in having _an actual share_ in the appointment of those who frame the laws, and who are to be the guardians of every man's life, property, and peace; for the _all_ of one man is as dear to him as the _all_ of another; and the poor man has an _equal_ right, but _more_ need, to have representatives in the legislature than the rich one.

Fourthly, That they who have _no_ voice nor vote in the electing of representatives, _do not enjoy_ liberty; but are absolutely _enslaved_ to those who _have_ votes, and to their representatives; for to be enslaved is to have governors whom _other men have set over us_, and be subject to laws _made by the representatives of others_, without having had representatives of our own to give consent in _our_ behalf.

Fifthly, That a _very great majority_ of the commonalty of this realm are denied the privilege of voting for representatives in Parliament; and, consequently, they are enslaved to a _small number_, who do now enjoy the privilege exclusively to themselves; but who, it may be presumed, are far from wis.h.i.+ng to continue in the exclusive possession of a privilege, by which their fellow-subjects are deprived of _common right_, of _justice_, of _liberty_; and which, if not communicated to all, must speedily cause _the certain overthrow of our happy const.i.tution_, and enslave us _all_.

And, sixthly and lastly, We also say and do a.s.sert, that it is _the right_ of the commonalty of this realm to elect a _new_ House of Commons once in _every year_, according to the ancient and sacred laws of the land; because, whenever a Parliament continues in being for _a longer term_, very great numbers of the commonalty, who have arrived at years of manhood since the last election, and _therefore_ have a right to be actually represented in the House of Commons, are then _unjustly deprived_ of that right.

THE ART OF PROCURING PLEASANT DREAMS

INSCRIBED TO MISS [s.h.i.+PLEY], BEING WRITTEN AT HER REQUEST[140]

As a great part of our life is spent in sleep during which we have sometimes pleasant and sometimes painful dreams, it becomes of some consequence to obtain the one kind and avoid the other; for whether real or imaginary, pain is pain and pleasure is pleasure. If we can sleep without dreaming, it is well that painful dreams are avoided. If while we sleep we can have any pleasing dream, it is, as the French say, _autant de gagne_, so much added to the pleasure of life.

To this end it is, in the first place, necessary to be careful in preserving health, by due exercise and great temperance; for, in sickness, the imagination is disturbed, and disagreeable, sometimes terrible, ideas are apt to present themselves. Exercise should precede meals, not immediately follow them; the first promotes, the latter, unless moderate, obstructs digestion. If, after exercise, we feed sparingly, the digestion will be easy and good, the body lightsome, the temper cheerful, and all the animal functions performed agreeably.

Sleep, when it follows, will be natural and undisturbed; while indolence, with full feeding, occasions nightmares and horrors inexpressible; we fall from precipices, are a.s.saulted by wild beasts, murderers, and demons, and experience every variety of distress.

Observe, however, that the quant.i.ties of food and exercise are relative things; those who move much may, and indeed ought to eat more; those who use little exercise should eat little. In general, mankind, since the improvement of cookery, eat about twice as much as nature requires.

Suppers are not bad, if we have not dined; but restless nights naturally follow hearty suppers after full dinners. Indeed, as there is a difference in const.i.tutions, some rest well after these meals; it costs them only a frightful dream and an apoplexy, after which they sleep till doomsday. Nothing is more common in the newspapers, than instances of people who, after eating a hearty supper, are found dead abed in the morning.

Another means of preserving health, to be attended to, is the having a constant supply of fresh air in your bed-chamber. It has been a great mistake, the sleeping in rooms exactly closed, and in beds surrounded by curtains. No outward air that may come in to you is so unwholesome as the unchanged air, often breathed, of a close chamber. As boiling water does not grow hotter by longer boiling, if the particles that receive greater heat can escape; so living bodies do not putrefy, if the particles, so fast as they become putrid, can be thrown off. Nature expels them by the pores of the skin and the lungs, and in a free, open air they are carried off; but in a close room we receive them again and again, though they become more and more corrupt. A number of persons crowded into a small room thus spoil the air in a few minutes, and even render it mortal, as in the Black Hole at Calcutta. A single person is said to spoil only a gallon of air per minute, and therefore requires a longer time to spoil a chamber-full; but it is done, however, in proportion, and many putrid disorders hence have their origin. It is recorded of Methusalem, who, being the longest liver, may be supposed to have best preserved his health, that he slept always in the open air; for, when he had lived five hundred years, an angel said to him; "Arise, Methusalem, and build thee an house, for thou shalt live yet five hundred years longer." But Methusalem answered, and said, "If I am to live but five hundred years longer, it is not worth while to build me an house; I will sleep in the air, as I have been used to do." Physicians, after having for ages contended that the sick should not be indulged with fresh air, have at length discovered that it may do them good. It is therefore to be hoped, that they may in time discover likewise, that it is not hurtful to those who are in health, and that we may be then cured of the _aerophobia_, that at present distresses weak minds, and makes them choose to be stifled and poisoned, rather than leave open the window of a bed-chamber, or put down the gla.s.s of a coach.

Confined air, when saturated with perspirable matter, will not receive more; and that matter must remain in our bodies, and occasion diseases; but it gives some previous notice of its being about to be hurtful, by producing certain uneasiness, slight indeed at first, which as with regard to the lungs is a trifling sensation, and to the pores of the skin a kind of restlessness, which is difficult to describe, and few that feel it know the cause of it. But we may recollect, that sometimes on waking in the night, we have, if warmly covered, found it difficult to get asleep again. We turn often without finding repose in any position. This fidgettiness (to use a vulgar expression for want of a better) is occasioned wholly by an uneasiness in the skin, owing to the retention of the perspirable matter--the bed-clothes having received their quant.i.ty, and, being saturated, refusing to take any more. To become sensible of this by an experiment, let a person keep his position in the bed, but throw off the bed-clothes, and suffer fresh air to approach the part uncovered of his body; he will then feel that part suddenly refreshed; for the air will immediately relieve the skin, by receiving, licking up, and carrying off, the load of perspirable matter that incommoded it. For every portion of cool air that approaches the warm skin, in receiving its part of that vapour, receives therewith a degree of heat that rarefies and renders it lighter, when it will be pushed away with its burthen, by cooler and therefore heavier fresh air, which for a moment supplies its place, and then, being likewise changed and warmed, gives way to a succeeding quant.i.ty. This is the order of nature, to prevent animals being infected by their own perspiration. He will now be sensible of the difference between the part exposed to the air and that which, remaining sunk in the bed, denies the air access: for this part now manifests its uneasiness more distinctly by the comparison, and the seat of the uneasiness is more plainly perceived than when the whole surface of the body was affected by it.

Here, then, is one great and general cause of unpleasing dreams. For when the body is uneasy, the mind will be disturbed by it, and disagreeable ideas of various kinds will in sleep be the natural consequences. The remedies, preventive and curative, follow:

1. By eating moderately (as before advised for health's sake) less perspirable matter is produced in a given time; hence the bed-clothes receive it longer before they are saturated, and we may therefore sleep longer before we are made uneasy by their refusing to receive any more.

2. By using thinner and more porous bed-clothes, which will suffer the perspirable matter more easily to pa.s.s through them, we are less incommoded, such being longer tolerable.

3. When you are awakened by this uneasiness, and find you cannot easily sleep again, get out of bed, beat up and turn your pillow, shake the bed-clothes well, with at least twenty shakes, then throw the bed open and leave it to cool; in the meanwhile, continuing undrest, walk about your chamber till your skin has had time to discharge its load, which it will do sooner as the air may be dried and colder. When you begin to feel the cold air unpleasant, then return to your bed, and you will soon fall asleep, and your sleep will be sweet and pleasant. All the scenes presented to your fancy will be too of the pleasing kind. I am often as agreeably entertained with them, as by the scenery of an opera. If you happen to be too indolent to get out of bed, you may, instead of it, lift up your bed-clothes with one arm and leg, so as to draw in a good deal of fresh air, and by letting them fall force it out again. This, repeated twenty times, will so clear them of the perspirable matter they have imbibed, as to permit your sleeping well for some time afterwards.

But this latter method is not equal to the former.

Those who do not love trouble, and can afford to have two beds, will find great luxury in rising, when they wake in a hot bed, and going into the cool one. Such s.h.i.+fting of beds would also be of great service to persons ill of a fever, as it refreshes and frequently procures sleep. A very large bed, that will admit a removal so distant from the first situation as to be cool and sweet, may in a degree answer the same end.

One or two observations more will conclude this little piece. Care must be taken, when you lie down, to dispose your pillow so as to suit your manner of placing your head, and to be perfectly easy; then place your limbs so as not to bear inconveniently hard upon one another, as, for instance, the joints of your ankles; for, though a bad position may at first give but little pain and be hardly noticed, yet a continuance will render it less tolerable, and the uneasiness may come on while you are asleep, and disturb your imagination. These are the rules of the art.

But, though they will generally prove effectual in producing the end intended, there is a case in which the most punctual observance of them will be totally fruitless. I need not mention the case to you, my dear friend, but my account of the art would be imperfect without it. The case is, when the person who desires to have pleasant dreams has not taken care to preserve, what is necessary above all things,

A GOOD CONSCIENCE.

_NOTES_

References are to Franklin's _Writings_, edited by A. H. Smyth, 10 vols., 1905-1907.

[Footnote 1: In addition to John Bigelow's "Historical Sketch of the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Autograph Ma.n.u.script of Franklin's Memoirs of His Own Life," see Franklin's references to the _Autobiography_, in _Writings_, IX, 550-51, 559, 665, 675, 688; X, 50.]

[Footnote 2: The _New England Courant_, begun Aug. 21, 1721 (fourth American newspaper), was preceded by _Boston News-Letter_, April 24, 1704, _Boston Gazette_, Dec. 21, 1719, _American Weekly Mercury_, Dec.

22, 1719 (Philadelphia).]

[Footnote 3: Sir Wm. Keith (1680-1749), governor of Pennsylvania 1717-1726. He was dismissed by the Proprietaries in 1726; after casting his lot with the provincial a.s.sembly, he became "a tribune of the people" (_Dictionary of American Biography_, X, 292-3). It is not improbable that Franklin's antipathy for the Proprietaries was quickened by his contacts with Keith (even though he was the victim of the governor's gulling). See note 65 for "James Ralph."]

[Footnote 4: Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), botanist and physician, friend of Sydenham, Newton, Ray, and Boyle, made President of the Royal Society in 1727 (until 1741). See _Dictionary of National Biography_, LII, 379-80, and Franklin's letter to Sir Hans Sloane (London, June 2, 1725) in _Writings_, II, 52-3.]

[Footnote 5: Sir Hans Sloane contributed curiosities to Don Saltero's place, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. Steele dedicated a _Tatler_ to this collector of gimcracks who wrote of his oddities:

"Monsters of all sorts here are seen Strange things in nature as they grew so; Some relicks of the Sheba queen, And fragments of the fam'd Bob Crusoe."

[Footnote 6: See note 22.]

[Footnote 7: For an account of this st.u.r.dy colonial who learned Latin in order to read Newton's _Principia_, see E. P. Oberholtzer's _A Literary History of Philadelphia_, 57 ff.]

[Footnote 8: James Parton's _Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin_, I, 154-67 (chap. XIII) contains a good account of this junto of friends.]

[Footnote 9: See C. E. Jorgenson's "A Brand Flung at Colonial Orthodoxy"

(in Bibliography, p. clxv above), for the deistic patterns of thought found in Keimer's newspaper.]

[Footnote 10: Consult C. H. Hart, "Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son?

An Inquiry Demonstrating that She Was Deborah Read, Wife of Benjamin Franklin." (See Bibliography, p. clxiv above.) Also see _Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son? An Historical Conundrum, hitherto given up, now partly answered by Paul Leicester Ford_. With an afterword by John Clyde Oswald (New Roch.e.l.le, N. Y.: 1932).]

[Footnote 11: End of reprint of the original MS in the Henry E.

Huntington Library. The selections that follow are from _Writings_, in which A. H. Smyth reprints the Bigelow transcript with indifferent accuracy. "Continuation of the Account of my Life, begun at Pa.s.sy, near Paris, 1784." Abel James and Benjamin Vaughan urge Franklin to continue his life beyond 1730 (see _Writings_, I, 313-20). Vaughan promises that when finished "it will be worth all Plutarch's Lives put together" (p.

318).]

[Footnote 12: Dated July 1, 1733.]

[Footnote 13: "Thus far written at Pa.s.sy, 1784." He continues his _Autobiography_ in Philadelphia in August, 1788.]

[Footnote 14: Consult C. E. Jorgenson's "The New Science in the Almanacs of Ames and Franklin" (see Bibliography, p. clxv, above).]

[Footnote 15: "Self-Denial Not the Essence of Virtue," _Pennsylvania Gazette_, No. 324, Feb. 18, 1735; printed in W. T. Franklin's edition, III, 233-5. "On True Happiness," _Pennsylvania Gazette_, No. 363, Nov.