Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 Part 48

"You will live till the sailing of the s.h.i.+ps, Tommy," she choked, "and then--we will go together, Tommy--you and I."

Her head was bowed and her shoulders shaking, but she raised her head proudly erect as she was seized by a guard whose blood-red hands forced her from the room.

And the dry, straining eyes of Lieutenant McGuire, that watched her going, saw the pa.s.sing to an unknown fate of all he held dear, and the end of his unspoken dreams.

He scarcely felt the grip of the hands that seized him, nor knew when he and Sykes were carried from the room where Torg, the Emperor, held his savage court. The stone walls of the room where they were thrown could not hold his eyes; they looked through and beyond to see only the white and piteous face of a girl whose lips were whispering: "We will go together, Tommy--you and I."

(_Concluded in the next issue_)

MYSTERIOUS CARLSBAD CAVERN

The largest cavern ever discovered, at Carlsbad Cavern, N. M., is soon going to be explored.

Carlsbad Cavern is so large that that three sky-sc.r.a.pers a half-mile apart could be built in the largest of its innumerable "rooms,"

according to Mr. Nicholson, who was there once before, about a year ago. Only 22 miles of the cavern's apparently limitless tunnels have been explored, revealing such natural beauties that President Coolidge established it as a national monument.

The stalagmites in the cavern tower 100 feet high. The age of the cavern was put at 60,000,000 years by Dr. Willis T. Lee of the National Geographic Society, after his survey three years ago.

The caverns were discovered fifteen years ago by a New Mexican cowboy named Jim White, according to Mr. Nicholson. White was riding across a desert waste one day when he saw what appeared to be smoke from a volcano. After riding three hours in the direction of the smoke he discovered that it was an enormous cloud of bats issuing from the mouth of a gigantic cavern. He decided the cavern deserved exploration, and a few years later he and a Mexican boy were lowered in a barrel over the 750-foot cliff which overhangs the cavern.

The stalagmites of the cavern, according to Mr. Nicholson, are very vibrant and resonant. One can play a "xylophone solo" on them with practice, he said, but it is dangerous, since a certain pitch would crack them.

The temperature of the cavern is 56 degrees Fahrenheit, never varies, day and night, winter and summer. The air is purified every twenty-four hours in some mysterious fas.h.i.+on, though there are no air currents. This is explained by the theory that there exists a great subterranean stream at a lower level, probably 1,200 feet down.

Specimens of stalagmites will be collected and reconstructed for the American Museum of Natural History. The explorers expect to find also flying fish, flying salamanders, rare insects and thousands of bats. A Government representative will go along, and drawings and motion pictures will be made.

_The Readers' Corner_

_A Meeting Place for Readers of ASTOUNDING STORIES_

_A Letter and Comment_

Three or four times in the year we have been issuing Astounding Stories the Editor has received letters calling attention to fancied scientific errors in our stories. All these letters were published, but until now we have not cut in on the s.p.a.ce of "The Readers' Corner"

to answer such objections because they were very obviously the result of hasty or inaccurate readings.

The other week one more such letter reached us--from Mr. Philip Waite, this time--claiming that there was "an atrocious flaw" in two stories of Captain S. P. Meek's. This we could not let go unanswered, first because of the strong terms used, and second because the objection would sound to many like a true criticism; so we turned the letter over to Captain Meek, and his answer follows Mr. Waite's letter below.

We welcome criticism of stories in our "The Readers' Corner." Never yet have we withheld from it any criticism or brickbats of importance--and we never intend to. But s.p.a.ce is limited; there's not room now for all the good letters that come in; and we do not want to intrude too much with editorial comment. Therefore when we do not stop and answer all criticisms we are not necessarily admitting they are valid. In most cases everyone will quickly see their lack of logic or accuracy, and in the rest we will ask you to remember that our Staff is meticulously careful about the scientific facts and laws and possibilities that enter our stories, so it's extremely unlikely that anything very "atrocious" will get by.

Well, we'd better cut short now, before we take up too much "Corner"

room. But first, thanks to Captain Meek for going to the trouble of defending two stories that needed no defense. And thanks, too, to Mr.

Waite, for his kindness in writing in to inform us of what he thought--unquestionably because of hasty reading--were errors.--_The Editor._

P. S. (Now we'll have to be _super_ careful of our science, for if Mr.

Waite ever gets anything on us--!!)

Dear Editor:

Just a note to tell you to keep up the good work. There was an atrocious flaw, however, in the two stories by Capt. S. P. Meek about the Heaviside Layer. How, may I ask, do meteors penetrate through that imaginary substance which is too much for a powerful s.p.a.ce flyer?

Also, how about refraction? A substance denser than air would produce refraction that would have been noticed long ago. I don't mind minor errors, but an author has no right to ignore the facts so outrageously. Fiction goes too far when an author can invent such false conditions.

In the latest issue "Stolen Brains" was fine, up to the Dr. Bird standard. "The Invisible Death" was good enough, but too much like the general run to be noteworthy. "Prisoners on the Electron"--couldn't stomach it. Too hackneyed. "Jetta of the Lowlands," by Ray c.u.mmings; nuff said. "An Extra Man"--original idea and perfectly written. One of the reasons I hang on to Science Fiction. A perfect gem.--Philip Waite, 3400 Wayne Ave., New York, N. Y.

Dear Editor:

May I use enough s.p.a.ce in your discussion columns to reply briefly to the objections raised to the science in my two stories, "Beyond the Heaviside Layer" and "The Attack from s.p.a.ce"? Understand that I am not arguing that there actually is a thick wall of semi-plastic material surrounding the earth through which a s.p.a.ce flyer could not pa.s.s. If I did, I would automatically bar myself from writing interplanetary stories, a thing that is far from my desires. I do wish to point out, however, that such a layer might exist, so far as we at present know.

The objections to which I wish to reply are two: first, "How do meteors pa.s.s through that imaginary substance which is too much for a powerful s.p.a.ce flyer?" and second, "How about refraction?"

To reply to the first we must consider two things, kinetic energy and resistance to the pa.s.sage of a body. The kinetic energy of a moving body is represented by the formula 1/2 mv^2 where m is the ma.s.s of the body and v the velocity. The resistance of a substance to penetration of a body is expressed by the formula A f_c where A is the area of the body in contact with the resisting medium and f_c is the coefficient of sliding friction between the penetrating body and the resisting medium. Consider first the s.p.a.ce flyer. To hold personnel the flyer must be hollow. In other words, m must be small as compared to A. A meteor, on the other hand, is solid and dense with a relatively large m and small A. Given a meteor and a s.p.a.ce flyer of the same weight, the volume of the meteor would be much smaller, and as the area in contact with the resisting medium is a function of volume, the total resistance to be overcome by the s.p.a.ce flyer would be much greater than that to be overcome by the meteor. Again, consider the relative velocities of a meteor and a s.p.a.ce flyer coming from the earth toward the heaviside layer. The meteor from s.p.a.ce would have an enormous velocity, so great that if it got into even very rare air, it would become incandescent. As it must go through dense air, the s.p.a.ce flyer could attain only a relatively low velocity before it reached the layer. Remember that the velocity is squared. A one thousand pound meteor flying with a velocity 100 times that of the s.p.a.ce s.h.i.+p would have 100^2 or 10,000 times the kinetic energy of the s.p.a.ce s.h.i.+p while it would also have less friction to overcome due to its smaller size.

If my critic wishes to test this out for himself, I can suggest a very simple experiment. Take a plank of sound pine wood, two inches thick by twelve inches wide and four feet long. Support it on both ends and then pile lead slabs onto it, covering the whole area of the board. If the wood be sound the board will support a thousand pounds readily.

Now remove the lead slabs and fire a 200 grain lead bullet at the board with a muzzle or initial velocity of 1,600 feet per second. The bullet will penetrate the board very readily. Consider the heaviside layer as the board, the s.p.a.ce s.h.i.+p as the lead slabs and the bullet as the meteor and you have the answer.

Consider one more thing. According to the stories, the layer grew thicker and harder to penetrate as the flyer reached the outer surface. The meteor would strike the most viscous part of the layer with its maximum energy. As its velocity dropped and its kinetic energy grew less, it would meet material easier to penetrate. On the other hand the flyer, coming from the earth, would meet material easy to penetrate and gradually lose its velocity and consequently its kinetic energy. When it reached the very viscous portion of the layer, it would have almost no energy left with which to force its way through. Remember, the Mercurians made no attempt to penetrate the layer until a portion of it had been destroyed by Carpenter's genius.

As for the matter of refraction. If you will place a gla.s.s cube or other form in the air, you will have no difficulty in measuring the refraction of the light pa.s.sing through it. If, however, the observer would place himself inside a hollow sphere of gla.s.s so perfectly transparent as to be invisible, would not the refraction he would observe be taken by him to be the refraction of air when in reality it would be the combined refraction of the gla.s.s sphere and the air around him?

I have taken gla.s.s as the medium to ill.u.s.trate this because my critic made the statement that "a substance denser than air would produce refraction that would have been noticed long ago." However nowhere in either story is the statement made that the material of the heaviside layer was denser than air. The statement was that it was more viscous.

Viscosity is not necessarily a function of density. A heavy oil such as you use in the winter to lubricate your automobile has a much higher viscosity than water, yet it will float on water, i. e. it is less dense. There is nothing in the story that would prevent the heaviside layer from having a coefficient of refraction identical with that of air.

To close, let me repeat that I am not arguing that such a layer exists. I do not believe that it does and I do believe that my generation will probably see the first interplanetary expedition start and possibly see the first interplanetary trip succeed. I do, however, contend that the science in my stories is accurate until it transcends the boundaries of present day knowledge and ceases to be science and becomes "super-science," and that my super-science is developed in a logical manner from science and that nothing in present knowledge makes the existence of such a layer impossible--S. P. Meek. Capt. Ord.

Dept., U. S. A.

_Likes Long Novelettes_

Dear Editor:

I have just finished reading the August issue of your magazine. I am going to rate the different stories in per cents. 100% means excellent; 75% fairly good; 50% pa.s.sable; 25% just an ordinary story.

I give "Marooned Under The Sea," by Paul Ernst, 100%; 75% for "The Attack From s.p.a.ce," by Captain S. P. Meek. "The Problem in Communication," by Miles J. Breuer, M. D. and "Jetta of the Lowlands,"

by Ray c.u.mmings; 50% for "The Murder Machine," by Hugh B. Cave and "Earth, The Marauder," by Arthur J. Burks; 25% for "The Terrible Tentacles of L-472," by Sewell Peaslee Wright.

I am happy to say that since I have been reading your magazine, I have induced at least ten of my friends to be constant readers of this magazine.

I like the long novelettes much better than continued novels, and hope that in the future we will get bigger and better novelettes.--Leonard Estrin, 1145 Morrison Ave., Bronx, N. Y.

_Hasn't Decided_