British Socialism Part 11

[246] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 4.

[247] McClure, _Socialism_, p. 16.

[248] Bax, _Outlooks from the New Standpoint_, p. 98.

[249] Williams, _The Difficulties of Socialism_, pp. 3, 4.

[250] Blatchford, _Real Socialism_, p. 11.

[251] Hyndman, _Social-Democracy_, p. 24.

[252] Joynes, _The Socialists' Catechism_, p. 13.

[253] Leatham, _The Evolution of the Fourth Estate_, p. 3.

[254] _Fabianism and the Fiscal Question_, p. 19.

[255] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, p. 41.

[256] Leatham, _The Evolution of the Fourth Estate_, p. 3.

[257] Leatham, _Was Jesus a Socialist?_ p. 4.

[258] Blatchford, _Compet.i.tion_, p. 15.

[259] See Chapters VII & XXIII.

[260] _English Progress towards Social-Democracy_, p. 14.

[261] _Ibid._ p. 13.

[262] Keir Hardie, _From Serfdom to Socialism_, p. 15.

[263] Macdonald, _Socialism_, p. 3.

[264] McClure, _Socialism_, p. 13.

[265] Kautsky, _The Cla.s.s Struggle_, p. 24.

[266] Kautsky, _The Socialist Republic_, p. 21.

[267] Hyndman, _Historic Basis of Socialism_, p. 435.

[268] _Justice_, October 12, 1907.

[269] _Justice_, October 12, 1907.

[270] _The Social Democrat_, November 1907, p. 676.

[271] _Report on Fabian Policy_, 1896, p. 6.

[272] G.B. Shaw, quoted in Jackson, _Bernard Shaw_, p. 100.

[273] Proudhon, _What is Property?_ pp. 252-256.

[274] _Ibid._ p. 37.

[275] _Ibid._ p. 184.

[276] Snowden, _The Christ that is to be_, p. 6.

[277] Bax and Quelch, _A New Catechism of Socialism_, p. 32.

[278] Blatchford, _What is this Socialism?_ p. 11.

CHAPTER V

THE AIMS AND POLICY OF THE SOCIALISTS

Those people who formerly called themselves Communists now call themselves Socialists. Marx and Engels wrote in their celebrated "Manifesto": "The theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property."[279] The policy of modern British Socialism may be summed up in the identical words.

Indeed, we are told by one of its most eager champions that "The programme of Socialism consists essentially of one demand--that the land and other instruments of production shall be the common property of the people, and shall be used and governed by the people for the people."[280] "We suggest that the nation should own all the s.h.i.+ps, all the railways, all the factories, all the buildings, all the land, and all the requisites of national life and defence."[281]

According to the Socialist doctrines which have been given in Chapter IV, private property is the enemy of the workers. Therefore they quite logically demand that all private property must be abolished. "The problem has to be faced. Either we must submit for ever to hand over at least one-third of our annual product to those who do us the favour to own our country without the obligation of rendering any service to the community, and to see this tribute augment with every advance in our industry and numbers, or else we must take steps, as considerately as may be possible, to put an end to this state of things."[282] "The modern form of private property is simply a legal claim to take a share of the produce of the national industry year by year without working for it. Socialism involves discontinuance of the payment of these incomes and addition of the wealth so saved to incomes derived from labour. The economic problem of Socialism is thus solved."[283]

A general division of the existing private property among all the people is not intended, because it is considered to be impracticable.

"Socialism does not consist in violently seizing upon the property of the rich and sharing it out amongst the poor."[284] "Plans for a national 'dividing up' are not Socialism. They are nonsense. 'Dividing up' means individual owners.h.i.+p. Socialism means collective owners.h.i.+p."[285] "It is obvious that, in the present stage of economic development, individual owners.h.i.+p is impossible. All the great means of production are collectively owned now. Individual liberty based upon individual property is therefore out of the question, and the emanc.i.p.ation of the working cla.s.s can only be achieved in social freedom, based upon social property, through the transformation of privately owned collective property into publicly owned collective property."[286]

Starting from these premisses, the Socialists arrive at the demand that "all the means of production and distribution, all the machinery, all the buildings, everything that is necessary to provide the fundamental necessaries of life, must be common property."[287] "We want all the instruments for the purposes of trade to be the property of the State. With that will have come at the same time the abolition of power permitting any individual to exact rent or interest for the loan of land or of the implements of production. The abolition of all private property will mean the extinction of the parasite."[288] "The overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a system of society based upon the common owners.h.i.+p and democratic control of the means and instruments for producing and distributing wealth, by and in the interest of the whole community: That is Socialism."[289] "The Fabian Society aims at the reorganisation of society by the emanc.i.p.ation of land and industrial capital from individual and cla.s.s owners.h.i.+p, and the vesting of them in the community for the general benefit. The Society accordingly works for the extinction of private property in land, and of the consequent individual appropriation, in the form of rent, of the price paid for permission to use the earth, as well as for the advantages of superior soils and sites. The Society, further, works for the transfer to the community of the administration of such industrial capital as can conveniently be managed socially."[290]

"Here in plain words is the principle, or root idea, on which all Socialists agree--that the country and everything in the country shall belong to the whole people (the nation), and shall be used by the people and for the people. That principle, the root idea of Socialism, means two things: (1) That the land, and all the machines, tools, and buildings used in making needful things, together with all the ca.n.a.ls, rivers, roads, railways, s.h.i.+ps, and trains used in moving, sharing (distributing) needful things, and all the shops, markets, scales, weights, and money used in selling or dividing needful things, shall be the property of (belong to) the whole people (the nation). (2) That the land, tools, machines, trains, rivers, shops, scales, money, and all the other things belonging to the people, shall be worked, managed, divided, and used by the whole people, in such way as the greater number of the whole people shall deem best."[291]

A perusal of the party programmes and other Socialist doc.u.ments contained in the Appendix will show that the abolition of all private property, and its transference to the State, is the aim of all the Socialist organisations and parties, and no further extracts need be given in order to prove the unanimity of the Socialists on this point.

The question now arises: How is this transference of all private property to the State to be effected? Will the present holders of property be fully compensated, partly compensated, or not compensated at all? Do the Socialists aim at purchase or at confiscation of existing private property. Will they respect existing rights, or are they bent upon open or more or less disguised spoliation?

It is, unfortunately, very difficult to obtain a plain and straightforward answer upon this important point. Instead of giving this answer, British Socialists loudly protest that it is not their aim to destroy or abolish property. As n.o.body has suspected the Socialists to be foolish enough to abolish or destroy property--which means the instruments of production, such as factories, machines, railways, &c., by the use of which the people live, and thus bring starvation upon themselves--their eagerness to explain that they do not intend to abolish or destroy property can only be explained by the surmise that they hope shallow simpletons will say, "The Socialists have no intention to take our capital away from us by force and without compensation, for they have declared that they do not intend to abolish property." A few of these declarations should here be given: "So far from abolis.h.i.+ng property, Socialism desires to establish it upon the only basis which makes property secure--that of service, of creative service."[292] "Socialism does not propose to abolish land or capital. Only a genius could have thought of this as an objection to Socialism."[293] "Socialism is far from aiming at the destruction of private property. Its object is to increase private property amongst those whose property is so limited that they have a difficulty in keeping themselves alive."[294] Another Socialist makes the very irrelevant and unnecessary observation: "It is a firm principle of Socialism never to interfere with personal property in order to investigate its origin or to arrange it in a different way.

Never and nowhere! And whoever a.s.serts to the contrary either does not know the principles of Socialism or willingly and knowingly a.s.serts an untruth. The Socialists deem an investigation into the origin of an acknowledged personal property an unnecessary trouble. They consider the personal property an accomplished fact and respect it: so much so, that they consider stealing a crime."[295] Mr. Blatchford informs us, "We do not propose to seize anything. We do propose to get some things and to make them the property of the whole nation by Act of Parliament or by purchase."[296]

As regards the question whether compensation or no compensation will be given, our Socialist leaders give us very vague and unsatisfactory replies, which rather contain highly respectable but perfectly irrelevant commonplaces than definite proposals. Most Socialists will answer the plain question of confiscation or no confiscation with a quibble or a conundrum, as the following examples will show: "One view of Socialism is that it is a scheme of confiscation of property from one cla.s.s to give it to another cla.s.s--that Socialists are d.i.c.k Turpins made respectable by using Acts of Parliament instead of pistols. Now the real fact is that the Socialist has come to put an end to d.i.c.k Turpin methods. Socialism is a rational criticism of our present methods of production and distribution. It desires to say to the possessors: Show us by what t.i.tle you possess; and it proposes to pa.s.s its judgments upon the axiom that whoever renders service to society should be able to have some appropriate share in the national wealth."[297] In other words, an inquisitorial tribunal with arbitrary powers would be empowered to confiscate at will. "Socialism is not a plan to despoil the rich: it is a plan to stop the rich from despoiling the poor. Socialism is not a thief; it is a policeman."[298] "Do any say we attack private property? We deny it. We attack only that private property for a few thousand loiterers and slave-drivers which renders all property in the fruits of their own labour impossible for millions.

We challenge that private property which renders poverty at once a necessity and a crime."[299] "Socialism would not rob anyone. It would distinguish between the lawful possessor and the rightful possessor, and it would compel the 'lawful' possessor to restore to the rightful possessor the property of which he had robbed him."[300] "We do not propose to rob the rich man of his wealth; we deny that it is his wealth. Wealth is a social product, and therefore belongs to society.

It is not an act of brigandage to demand that society shall own and use what society has created."[301]

Some Socialists consider the question of compensation or no compensation as one of very minor importance. "The question of compensation need not greatly worry us. Socialists hold that plutocrats owe all their wealth to society; and therefore that society has the right at any moment to take it back."[302] The more cautious and moderate French and German Socialists are apt to promise compensation in terms such as the following: "We declare expressly that it is the duty of the State to give to those whose interests will be damaged by the necessary abolition of laws which are detrimental to the common interest compensation as far as it is possible and consistent with the interests of all."[303]

It will be observed that the plain word compensation is circ.u.mscribed by the phrase, "compensation as far as it is possible and consistent with the interests of all." In other and plainer words, compensation is to be arbitrarily given, and its proportion to the property acquired is apparently to be determined not by its value or by fairness and equity, but by the will of those who may be in power.