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48.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 1157.
49.Mohammad Abd al-Salam Faraj, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's a.s.sa.s.sins, quoted in Quintan Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 79.
50.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 1234.
51.Abdulaziz H. Al-Fahad, "From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of Wahhabism," New York University Law Review 79, no. 2 (May 2004): 514; Jessica Stern, "Mind over Martyr: How to Deradicalize Islamic Extremists," Foreign Affairs 89, no. 1 (January/February 2010): 99.
52.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 121.
53.Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 7.
54.John L. Esposito, "Contemporary Islam: Reformation or Revolution?" in The Oxford History of Islam, ed. John L. Esposito, 645.
55.Fred Donner, Muhammad and the Believers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 86.
56.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, xv.
57.David Bukay, "The Religious Foundations of Suicide Bombings," Middle East Quarterly 13, no. 4 (Fall 2006), http://www.meforum.org/1003/the-religious-foundations-of-suicide-bombings.
58.Joas Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi: The Ideology and Influence of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 723.
59.Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 87.
60.Ibid., 89.
61.Ibid., 8990.
62.Ibid., 91.
63.Nasr, The s.h.i.+a Revival, 94, 968.
64.Sabrina Tavernise and Robert F. Worth, "Relentless Rebel Attacks Test s.h.i.+te Endurance," New York Times, September 19, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/international/middleeast/19s.h.i.+tes.html.
65.El Fadl, The Great Theft, 2478.
66.Timothy Furnish, "Beheading in the Name of Islam," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring 2005), http://www.meforum.org/713/beheading-in-the-name-of-islam.
67.h.e.l.lmich, "Creating the Ideology of Al Qaeda: From Hypocrites to Salafi-Jihadists," 114.
68.a.s.saf Moghadam, "Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Attack," International Security 33, no. 3 (2009): 5960.
69.Wiktorowicz, "A Genealogy of Radical Islam," 93.
70.Mary Anne Weaver, "The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi," Atlantic, June 8, 2006, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/304983/.
71.Ayman Zawahiri, "Zawahiri's Letter to Zarqawi," trans. Center for Combating Terrorism at West Point, July 9, 2005, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/zawahiris-letter-to-zarqawi-english-translation-2.
72.William McCants, "Militant Ideology Atlas," Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, November 1, 2006, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/militant-ideology-atlas, 8; Joas Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority: Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi's Critique of Jihadi Practices," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34, no. 7 (July 2011): 526.
73.Lahoud, The Jihadis' Path to Self-Destruction, 243.
74.Wagemakers, A Quietest Jihadi, 923.
75.Ibid., 47.
76.Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority," 5256.
77.Wagemakers, A Quietest Jihadi, 74.
78.Ibid., 83.
79.Ibid.
80.Wagemakers, "Reclaiming Scholarly Authority," 524.
81.Patrick c.o.c.kburn, "ISIS Consolidates," London Review of Books 36, no. 16 (August 21, 2014), http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/patrick-c.o.c.kburn/isis-consolidates.
82.Douglas A. Ollivant and Brian Fishman, "State of Jihad: The Reality of the Islamic War in Iraq and Syria," War on the Rocks, May 21, 2014, http://warontherocks.com/2014/05/state-of-jihad-the-reality-of-the-islamic-state-in-iraq-and-syria/.
83.Aaron Y. Zelin, "ISIS is Dead, Long Live the Islamic State," Was.h.i.+ngton Inst.i.tute, June 30, 2014, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtoninst.i.tute.org/policy-a.n.a.lysis/view/isis-is-dead-long-live-the-islamic-state.
84.Ibid.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS.
Photo by Richard Howard.
JESSICA STERN is a lecturer on terrorism at Harvard University and a fellow at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard's School of Public Health. She is a member of the Hoover Inst.i.tution Task Force on National Security and Law, and served on the Clinton administration's National Security Council staff. She is the author of Denial: A Memoir of Terror; Terror in the Name of G.o.d: Why Religious Militants Kill (a New York Times Notable Book of the Year); and The Ultimate Terrorists.
Photo by Janet Walsh.
J.M. BERGER is a nonresident fellow with the Brookings Inst.i.tution and the author of Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam, a critically acclaimed history of the American jihadist movement. He is a regular contributor to Foreign Policy magazine, and his website, Intelwire.com, has published thousands of decla.s.sified doc.u.ments on the September 11 attacks and the Oklahoma City bombing.
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ALSO BY JESSICA STERN.
Denial: A Memoir of Terror.
Terror in the Name of G.o.d: Why Religious Militants Kill.
The Ultimate Terrorists.
ALSO BY J. M. BERGER.
Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam.
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