Text Book of Biology Part 7

7. Copy Diagram I. (enlarged), and insert upon it the visceral nerves as far as you can.

8. What are the most characteristic points in the mammalian vertebral column?

9. Describe cartilage and bone, and compare them with one another.

10. Give an account of the amoeba, and compare it with a typical tissue cell in a metazoon (e.g., the rabbit).

11. Give a general account of connective tissue. What is tendon?

12. Trace, briefly, the increased modification of tissues in the vertebrata.

13. Describe, with diagrams, the structure of blood. State the function of each factor you describe.

14. Compare the pectoral with the pelvic limb and girdle. What other structures of the adult rabbit display a similar repet.i.tion of similar parts?

15. Draw from memory typical vertebrae from each region of the vertebral column.

16. What are bilateral symmetry and metameric segmentation?

17. Give a schedule of distinctive mammalian features.

18. Describe the rabbit's brain (with diagrams).

19. Give a list of the cranial nerves of the rabbit, and note their origin in the brain.

20. Give a list of the nerve apertures of the dog's skull.

21. What are the chief anatomical differences between a typical cranial, a spinal, and a sympathetic nerve?

22. Describe and figure the distribution of nerves V., VII., IX., and X.

23. Describe the muscles, glands, and nerves of the orbit of the rabbit.

24. Describe, with figures, the eye of the rabbit.

25. Give a diagram of the rabbit's internal ear.

26. Draw and describe the ear ossicles. What is their function?

27. Draw and state the precise position of the hyoid bone, the clavicle, the calcaneum, and the olecranon process.

28. Describe, as accurately as possible, the position of palatine bones, pterygoids, the ethmoid bone, the pre- and basi-sphenoids, in the dog's skull.

29. What is membrane bone? What is cartilage bone? Discuss their mutual relations.h.i.+p.

30. What is an excretion? What are the chief excretory products of an animal? How are they removed?

31. Describe the minute anatomy of the liver. Give a general account of its functions.

32. Describe the minute anatomy of the kidney, and the functions of the several parts.

33. What is ciliated epithelium? Where does it occur in the rabbit?

34. Describe the mechanism of respiration. What is the relation of respiration to the general life of the animal?

35. What are the functions of the skin? Describe its structure.

36. What is a secretion? Tabulate and cla.s.sify secretary organs.

What is a goblet cell?

37. Draw, from memory, the dorsal and ventral aspects of, and a median section through, a dog's skull.

38. Name any structures that appear to you to be vestiges or rudiments, i.e., structures without adequate physiological reason, in the rabbit's anatomy.

39. How are such structures interpreted?

40. Describe the structure of striated muscular fibre. Describe its functions, and the various means by which they may be called into activity.

41. Describe the characters and structure of the blood of the rabbit.

What is the lymphatic system? Describe its relation to the blood system in a mammal.

42. Describe the structure of (a) blood, (b) hyaline cartilage, (c) bone, in the rabbit; (d) point out the most important resemblances and differences between these tissues; (e) state what you know of the development of the same tissues.

43. Draw diagrams, with the parts named, of the male and female generative organs of the rabbit.

44. In the rabbit provided dissect on one side and demonstrate by means of flag-labels the main trunk of the vagus nerve, the phrenic nerve, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

45. Dissect the rabbit provided so as to expose the abdominal viscera. Mark with flag-labels the duct of the pancreas, the ureters, and the oviducts or the sperm ducts (as the case may be).

[Many of the above questions were actually set at London University Examinations in Biology.] {In Both Editions.}

-The Frog_

1. _General Anatomy_

Section 1. We will now study the adult anatomy of the frog, and throughout we shall make constant comparisons with that of the rabbit. In the rabbit we have a distinctly land-loving, burrowing animal; it eats purely vegetable food, and drinks but little. In the frog we have a mainly insectivorous type, living much in the water. This involves the moister skin, the shorter alimentary ca.n.a.l, and the abbreviated neck (Rabbit, Section 2) of the frog; the tail is absent-- in a fish it would do the work the frog accomplishes with his hind legs-- and the apertures which are posterior in the rabbit, run together into one dorsal opening, the cloaca. There is, of course (Rabbit, Section 4), no hair the skin is smooth, and an external ear is also absent. The remarkable looseness of the frog's skin is due to great lymph s.p.a.ces between it and the body wall.

Section 2. If we now compare the general anatomy of the frog (vide Sheet 11) with that of the rabbit, we notice that the diaphragm is absent (Rabbit, Section 4), and the body cavity, or coelom, is, with the exception of the small bag of the pericardium round the heart, one continuous s.p.a.ce. The forked tongue is attached in front of the lower jaw, and can be flicked out and back with great rapidity in the capture of the small insects upon which the frog lives. The posterior nares open into the front of the mouth-- there is no long nasal chamber, and no palate, and there is no long trachea between the epiglottis and the lungs. The oesophagus is less distinct, and pa.s.ses gradually, so far as external appearances go, into the bag-like stomach, which is much less inflated and transverse than that of the rabbit. The duodenum is not a U-shaped loop, but makes one together with the stomach; the pancreas lies between it and the stomach, and is more compact than the rabbit's. There is no separate pancreatic duct, but the bile duct runs through the pancreas, and receives a series of ducts from that gland as it does so. The ileum is shorter, there is no sacculus rotundus, and the large intestine has no caec.u.m, none of the characteristic sacculations of the rabbit's colon, and does not loop back to the stomach before the r.e.c.t.u.m section commences. The a.n.u.s opens not upon the exterior, but into a cloacal chamber. The urinary and genital ducts open separately into this cloaca, and dorsally and posteriorly to the a.n.u.s. The so-called urinary bladder is ventral to the intestine, in a position answering to that of the rabbit, but it has no connection with the ureters, and it is two-horned.

Section 3. The spleen is a small, round body, not so intimately bound to the stomach as in the rabbit, but in essentially the same position.

Section 4. Much that we knew of the physiology of the frog is arrived at mainly by inferences from our mammalian knowledge. Its histology is essentially similar. Ciliated epithelium is commoner and occurs more abundantly than in the rabbit, in the roof of the mouth for instance, and its red blood corpuscles are much larger, oval, and nucleated.