The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir Part 23

~Panipat~ (~Karnal~), 292 N.--766 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_.

Population 26,342. On Delhi--Kalka Railway. An important place in Hindu and Muhammadan times (pages 172 and 179). Local manufactures, bra.s.s vessels, cutlery, and gla.s.s.

~Pihowa~ (~Karnal~), 296 N.--763 E. A very sacred place on the holy stream Sarusti.

~Rewari~ (~Gurgaon~), 281 N.--764 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_.

Population 24,780. Junction of main line and Rewari--Bhatinda branch of Rajputana--Malwa Railway. Trade in grain and sugar with Rajputana.

~Rupar~ (~Ambala~), 306 N.--763 E. Headquarters of subdivision and _tahsil_. Population 6935. Exchange market for products of Hills and Plains. Headworks of Sirhind Ca.n.a.l are at Rupar.

~Sirsa~ (~Hissar~), 293 N.--752 E. Headquarters of subdivision and _tahsil_. Population 14,629. Sirsa or Sarsuti was an important place in Muhammadan times. Deserted in the great famine of 1783 it was refounded in 1838. On the Rewari--Bhatinda Branch of the Rajputana--Malwa Railway.

Has a brisk trade with Rajputana.

~Thanesar~ (~Karnal~), 296 N.--765 E. See pages 165 and 168. Noted place of pilgrimage. Headquarters of a _tahsil_. Population 4719. The old Hindu temples were utterly destroyed apparently when Thanesar was sacked by Mahmud in 1014. There is a fine tomb of a Muhammadan Saint, Shekh Chilli.

(_b_) _Jalandhar Division._

~Aliwal~, 306 N.--754 E. Scene of Sir Harry Smith's victory over the Sikhs on 28th January, 1846.

~Dharmsala~ (~Kangra~), 321 N.--761 E. Headquarters of district. On a spur of the Dhauladhar Range. A Gurkha regiment is stationed here. The highest part of Dharmsala is over 7000 feet, and the scenery is very fine, but the place is spoiled as a hill station by the excessive rainfall, which averages over 120 inches. In the earthquake of 1905, 1625 persons, including 25 Europeans, perished.

~Fazilka~ (~Ferozepore~), 303 N.--743 E. Headquarters of sub-division and _tahsil_. Population 10,985. Terminus of Fazilka extension of Rajputana--Malwa Railway, and connected with Ludhiana by a line which joins the Southern Panjab Railway at Macleodganj. A grain mart.

~Ferozepore~, 306 N.--744 E. Headquarters of district. Population 50,836 including 26,158 in Cantonment. (See page 245.)

~Ferozeshah~ (~Ferozepore~), 305 N.--745 E. The real name is Pherushahr. Sir Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs here after two days' hard fighting on Dec. 21-22, 1845.

~Jalandhar~, 312 N.--753 E. Headquarters of district. Population 69,318, including 13,964 in Cantonment. The Cantonment lies four miles to the S.E. of the native town and three miles from the Civil Lines.

(See page 241.)

~Jawala Mukhi~ (~Kangra~), 315 N.--762 E. Celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage with a famous temple of the G.o.ddess Jawalamukhi, built over some jets of combustible gas.

~Kangra~, 305 N.--762 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_. Ancient name Nagarkot. The celebrated temple and the fort of the Katoch kings of Kangra were destroyed in the earthquake of 1905. (See pages 168, 171, 183.)

~Ludhiana~, 306 N.--755 E. Headquarters of district. Population 44,170. The manufacture of _pashmina_ shawls was introduced in 1833 by Kashmiris. Ludhiana is well known for its cotton fabrics and turbans (p.

152).

~Mudki~ (~Ferozepore~), 305 N.--745 E. The opening battle of the 1st Sikh War was fought here on 18th December, 1845.

(_c_) _Lah.o.r.e Division._

~Batala~ (~Gurdaspur~), 305 N.--751 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_.

Population 26,430. Chief town in Gurdaspur district on the Amritsar--Pathankot Railway. Cotton, silk, leathern goods, and soap are manufactured, and there is a large trade in grain and sugar. The Baring Anglo-Vernacular High School for Christian boys is a well-known inst.i.tution.

~Dalhousie~ (~Gurdaspur~), 333 N.--756 E. A well-known hill station at height of 7687 feet, 51 miles N.W. of Pathankot, from which it is reached by tonga. The Commissioner of Lah.o.r.e and the Deputy Commissioner of Gurdaspur spend part of the hot weather at Dalhousie. It is a very pretty and healthy place, with the fine Kalatop Forest in Chamba close by, and is deservedly popular as a summer resort.

~Gujranwala~, 329 N.--741 E. Headquarters of district. Population 29,472. An active trade centre. Ranjit Singh was born, and the tomb of his father, Mahan Singh is, at Gujranwala.

~Kasur~ (~Lah.o.r.e~), 318 N--743 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_ in Lah.o.r.e.

Population 24,783. Between Raiwind and Ferozepore on N.W. Railway, and has direct railway communication with Amritsar. A very ancient place and now an active local trade centre.

~Nankana-Sahib~ (~Gujranwala~), 316 N.--738 E. In south of Gujranwala district on Chichoki--Shorkot Railway. Venerated by Sikhs as the early home of Baba Nanak.

~Sialkot~, 323 N.--743 E. Headquarters of district. Population 64,869, of which 16,274 in Cantonment. A very old place connected with the legendary history of Raja Salivahan and his two sons Puran and Raja Rasalu. (See also page 165.) The Cantonment is about a mile and a half from the town. Sialkot is an active trade centre. Its hand-made paper was once well known, but the demand has declined. Tents, tin boxes, cricket and tennis bats, and hockey sticks, are manufactured.

~Tarn Taran~ (~Amritsar~), 313 N.--746 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_.

Population 4260. On Amritsar--Kasur Railway. The tank is said to have been dug by Guru Arjan and it and the temple beside it are held in great reverence by the Sikhs. The water is supposed to cure leprosy. The leper asylum at Tarn Taran in charge of the Rev. E. Guilford of the Church Missionary Society is an admirable inst.i.tution. Clay figures of this popular missionary can be bought in the _bazar_.

(_d_) _Rawalpindi Division._

~Attock~ (~Atak~), 325 N.--721 E. The fort was built by Akbar to protect the pa.s.sage of the Indus. In the river gorge below is a whirlpool between two jutting slate rocks, called Kamalia and Jamalia after two heretics who were flung into the river in Akbar's reign. The bridge which carries the railway across the Indus still makes Attock a position of military importance. Population 630.

~Bhera~ (~Shahpur~), 323 N.--726 E. Headquarters of _tahsil_.

Population 15,202. A very ancient town which was sacked by Mahmud and two centuries later by Chingiz Khan. Has an active trade. The wood-carvers of Bhera are skilful workmen. Woollen felts are manufactured.

~Chilianwala~ (~Chelianwala~) (~Gujrat~), 327 N.--736 E. Famous battlefield (page 187).

~Gujrat~, 323 N.--745 E. Headquarters of district. Population 19,090.

An old place, famous in recent history for the great battle on 22 February, 1849 (page 187). Has a brisk local trade.

~Hasn Abdal~ (~Attock~) 335 N.--724 E. On N.W. Railway. Shrine of Baba Wali Kandahari on hill above village. Below is the Sikh shrine of the Panja Sahib, the rock in which bears the imprint of Baba Nanak's five fingers (_panja_).

~Jhelam~, 326 N.--735 E. Headquarters of district and an important cantonment. Population 19,678, of which 7380 in cantonment. Has only become a place of any importance under British rule. Is an important depot for Kashmir timber trade.

~Kalabagh~ (~Mianwali~), 326 N.--713 E. Population 6654. Picturesquely situated below hills which are remarkable for the fantastic shapes a.s.sumed by salt exposed on the surface. The Kalabagh salt is in favour from its great purity. The Malik of Kalabagh is the leading man in the Awan tribe.

~Katas~ (~Jhelam~), 324 N.--726 E. A sacred pool in the Salt Range and a place of Hindu pilgrimage. The tears of Siva weeping for the loss of his wife Sati formed the Kataksha pool in the Salt Range and Pushkar at Ajmer.

~Khewra~ (~Jhelam~), 324 N.--733 E. In Salt Range five and a half miles N.E. of Pinddadankhan. The famous Mayo Salt Mine is here.

~Malot~ (~Jhelam~), 324 N.--725 E. Nine miles W. of Katas (see above).

Fort and temple on a spur of the Salt Range. Temple in early Kashmir style (_Archaeological Survey Reports_, Vol. v. pp. 85-90).

~Mankiala~ (~Manikyala~) (~Rawalpindi~), 333 N.--742 E. A little village close to which are the remains of a great Buddhist _stupa_ and of a number of monasteries (page 202).

~Murree~ (~Marri~) (~Rawalpindi~), 335 N.--732 E. Hill Station near Kashmir road on a spur of the Himalaya--height 7517 feet--39 miles from Rawalpindi, from which visitors are conveyed by tonga. The views from Murree are magnificent and the neighbourhood of the Hazara Galis is an attraction. But the climate is not really bracing. The summer headquarters of the Northern Army are at Murree, and before 1876 the Panjab Government spent the hot weather there. The Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of Rawalpindi take their work there for several months.

~Murti~ (~Jhelam~), 324 N.--726 E. In Gandhala valley on bank of Katas stream. Remains of a Buddhist _stupa_ and of a Jain temple.

(_Archaeological Survey Reports_, Vol. II. pp. 88 and 90.)

~Rawalpindi~, 334 N.--737 E. Headquarters of district and division, and the most important cantonment in Northern India. Population 86,483, of which 39,841 in Cantonment. It owes its importance entirely to British rule. Large carrying trade with Kashmir. Contains the N.W.

Railway Locomotive and Carriage works and several private factories, also a branch of the Murree brewery. There is an important a.r.s.enal. The Park, left fortunately mainly in its natural state, is an attractive feature of the cantonment.

~Rohtas~ (~Jhelam~), 326 N.--735 E. Ten miles N.W. of Jhelam on the far side of the gorge where the Kaha torrent breaks through a spur of the Tilla Range. Fine remains of a very large fort built by the Emperor Sher Shah Suri.

~Sakesar~ (~Shahpur~), 313 N.--716 E. Highest point of Salt Range, 5010 feet above sea level. The Deputy Commissioners of Shahpur, Mianwali, and Attock spend part of the hot weather at Sakesar.