The Island at the Center of the World Part 16

"And pray": Feiling, British Foreign Policy, British Foreign Policy, 125. 125.

"What ever injuries": Beresford, G.o.dfather of Downing Street, G.o.dfather of Downing Street, 170. 170.

"Together with all": Peter Christoph and Florence Christoph, eds., Books of General Entries of the Colony of New York, 16641673, Books of General Entries of the Colony of New York, 16641673, 14. 14.

a committee at Whitehall: Feiling, British Foreign Policy, British Foreign Policy, 124. 124.

the next month: Brodhead, History of the State of New York, History of the State of New York, 1: 736. 1: 736.

within the month: Black, Younger John Winthrop, Younger John Winthrop, 272. 272.

James himself took to sea: Ashley, James II, James II, 80. 80.

"the welfare and": Docs. Rel., 3: 61.

"putt Mr. Winthropp": Ibid., 55.

"apt to entertaine": Christoph, General Entries, General Entries, 25. 25.

"the effusion of": Ibid., 26.

"These to the": Ibid., 27.

"would be disapproved": Brodhead, History of the State of New York, History of the State of New York, I, 739. I, 739.

pasted back together: Docs. Rel., 2: 44547.

There is then: E. B. O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 2: 52526. 2: 52526.

The ministers talked: Docs. Rel., 2: 509; O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, History of New Netherland, 2: 52526; Brodhead, 2: 52526; Brodhead, History of the State of New York, History of the State of New York, 1: 740. 1: 740.

"we are oblieged": Christoph, General Entries, General Entries, 29. 29.

"misery, sorrow": Docs. Rel., 2: 248.

They were now wealthy: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Troublesome Turk: An Ill.u.s.tration of Judicial Process in New Amsterdam."

a.s.ser Levy, Polish Jew: Leo Hershkowitz, "New Amsterdam's Twenty-Three Jews-Myth or Reality?"

for the past five years: Charles Gehring, unpublished translation of New Netherland doc.u.ments no. 10(3):329 and 10(3):330.

"I would much rather": Brodhead, History of the State of New York, History of the State of New York, 1: 74142. 1: 74142.

CHAPTER 15 15.

Starting in the 1660s: Harry M. Ward, "The Search for American Ident.i.ty: Early Histories of New England."

John Adams: David McCullough, John Adams, John Adams, 245, 254. 245, 254.

"first born of all": The quote is from Urian Oakes, in Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, The Puritan Oligarchy: The Founding of American Civilization, The Puritan Oligarchy: The Founding of American Civilization, 33. 33.

"'Tis Satan's policy": Ibid., 32.

The Puritans' systematic: The examples in this paragraph are from ibid., 22440.

"the right of our manifest": Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right, 42. 42.

In the early twentieth: On Wilson's expansion of the term, and for the Wilson quotes, I am relying on ibid., chapter 4.

In fact, s.h.i.+ps: Christian Koot, "In Pursuit of Profit: The Netherlands' Trade in Colonial New York, 16641688," talk given at Conference on New York City History, CUNY Graduate Center, October 2001.

Notaries in Amsterdam: Rockefeller notarial archives, Jacob de Winter, notary, nos. 2309, 2313, 2326.

"they shall continue": Docs. Rel., 3: 57.

"The Dutch here": Peter Christoph and Florence Christoph, eds., Books of General Entries of the Colony of New York, 16641673, Books of General Entries of the Colony of New York, 16641673, 3637. 3637.

"continue as now they are": Ibid., 3537.

"immunities and privileges": Leo Hershkowitz, "The New York City Charter, 1686."

"neglect or treachery": Docs. Rel., 2: 420, 491.

Balthasar Stuyvesant: Charles Gehring and J. A. Schiltkamp, trans. and eds., Curacao Papers, Curacao Papers, 16401665, 16401665, 220. 220.

He died: Docs. Rel., 3: 363379, 419510; John Romeyn Brodhead, The The History of the State of New York, History of the State of New York, 16091691, 16091691, 2: 13132. 2: 13132.

"Wherby there is": John Winthrop to the Earl of Clarendon, "The Clarendon Papers," Collections, Collections, New-York Historical Society (1869), 58. New-York Historical Society (1869), 58.

"the best of all": Docs. Rel., 3: 106.

"You will have heard": Arthur Bryant, ed., The Letters, Speeches, and Declarations of King Charles II, The Letters, Speeches, and Declarations of King Charles II, 168. 168.

the Dutch government allowed: Docs. Rel., 2: 51617.

as an "invitation": Jonathan Israel, The Anglo-Dutch Moment, The Anglo-Dutch Moment, Chapter 3, "The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution," especially 12429. Chapter 3, "The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution," especially 12429.

Jacob Leisler: David Voorhees, "The 'fervent Zeale' of Jacob Leisler"; Firth Haring Fabend, "The Pro-Leislerian Dutch Farmers in New York: A 'Mad Rabble,' or 'Gentlemen Standing Up for Their Rights'?"

the relations.h.i.+ps between: Joyce D. Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, chapters 4 and 5. chapters 4 and 5.

What mattered was: Milton Klein, "Origins of the Bill of Rights in Colonial New York," 391.

French, German, Scottish, and Irish: Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot, Before the Melting Pot, 16, 5660. 16, 5660.

"Our chiefest unhappyness": Charles Lodwick, "New York in 1692 . . . ," 244. 371.

As late as the 1750s: James Tanis, "The Dutch-American Connection . . . ," 24.

In fact, the irony: Firth Haring Fabend, Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals, Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals, especially chapter 10. especially chapter 10.

"following the example": Newark Daily Advertiser, Daily Advertiser, December 6, 1850. December 6, 1850.

"Yielding to no one": John Romeyn Brodhead, unpublished ma.n.u.script, the Brodhead Collection, Rutgers University.

"clamoring for scholarly": Editorial, New York Times, New York Times, 7 August 2001. 7 August 2001.

"What then is": J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letters from an American Farmer,4647.

district attorney derived from schout: schout: W. Scott van Alstyne, Jr., "The District Attorney-An Historical Puzzle"; A. J. Reiss, "Public Prosecutors and Criminal Prosecution in the United States of America." As with nearly everything in history, the origins of the office of district attorney are open to debate, but the arguments that Reiss and van Alstyne make show a straightforward chain of influence. The most forceful argument against the district attorney office originating in the office of W. Scott van Alstyne, Jr., "The District Attorney-An Historical Puzzle"; A. J. Reiss, "Public Prosecutors and Criminal Prosecution in the United States of America." As with nearly everything in history, the origins of the office of district attorney are open to debate, but the arguments that Reiss and van Alstyne make show a straightforward chain of influence. The most forceful argument against the district attorney office originating in the office of schout schout is interesting in that it has the cla.s.sic features of American Anglocentrism. Jack Kress ("Progress and Prosecution"), notes that England had no such office, that the Dutch did, that the first district attorneys in English America appeared in precisely the area where the Dutch colony had been, and that those first district attorneys were called "scout" by the English, seemingly a clear indicator of their Dutch origin. But he then dismisses the argument on the grounds that the Dutch couldn't have made a lasting impact because the Dutch colony was small and the period of Dutch control was "quite brief, lasting only from 1653 until 1664 and that it is questionable if this was sufficient time for the inst.i.tution of the is interesting in that it has the cla.s.sic features of American Anglocentrism. Jack Kress ("Progress and Prosecution"), notes that England had no such office, that the Dutch did, that the first district attorneys in English America appeared in precisely the area where the Dutch colony had been, and that those first district attorneys were called "scout" by the English, seemingly a clear indicator of their Dutch origin. But he then dismisses the argument on the grounds that the Dutch couldn't have made a lasting impact because the Dutch colony was small and the period of Dutch control was "quite brief, lasting only from 1653 until 1664 and that it is questionable if this was sufficient time for the inst.i.tution of the schout schout to take root . . ." Besides getting the date of the colony's founding wrong by thirty years, Kress adopts the cla.s.sic pattern of reasoning that American history has applied to the Dutch colony: a.s.sume the colony had no real presence, then, on the basis of your a.s.sumption, dismiss evidence to the contrary. to take root . . ." Besides getting the date of the colony's founding wrong by thirty years, Kress adopts the cla.s.sic pattern of reasoning that American history has applied to the Dutch colony: a.s.sume the colony had no real presence, then, on the basis of your a.s.sumption, dismiss evidence to the contrary.

Santa Claus: Elisabeth Paling Funk, "Was.h.i.+ngton Irving and the Dutch Heritage," ma.n.u.script in progress, chapter 3: "The Popular Culture of New Netherland." My thanks to the author for sending me this portion of her work.

"ancient City": The charter is printed in Stephen Schechter, Roots of the Republic: American Founding Doc.u.ments Interpreted, Roots of the Republic: American Founding Doc.u.ments Interpreted, 91. My reading of the colony's political legacy comes in part from Leo Hershkowitz, "The New York City Charter, 1686"; Robert C. Ritchie, 91. My reading of the colony's political legacy comes in part from Leo Hershkowitz, "The New York City Charter, 1686"; Robert C. Ritchie, The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 16641691, The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 16641691, chapter 1; Paul Finkelman, "The Soul and the State: Religious Freedom in New York and the Origin of the First Amendment"; Milton M. Klein, "Origins of the Bill of Rights in Colonial New York"; Betsy Rosenblatt, "New York State's Role in the Creation and Adoption of the Bill of Rights." chapter 1; Paul Finkelman, "The Soul and the State: Religious Freedom in New York and the Origin of the First Amendment"; Milton M. Klein, "Origins of the Bill of Rights in Colonial New York"; Betsy Rosenblatt, "New York State's Role in the Creation and Adoption of the Bill of Rights."

The names of the twenty-six: Rosenblatt, "New York State's Role in the Creation and Adoption of the Bill of Rights"; "Albany Committee," New York Journal and Weekly Register, New York Journal and Weekly Register, April 26, 1788. April 26, 1788.

EPILOGUE.

While the records: My sources on the history, condition, and preservation of the colony's records are: The A. J. F. van Laer Papers, New York State Library; the John Romeyn Brodhead Papers, Rutgers University; the Andrew Elliot Papers, New York State Library; A. J. F. van Laer, "The Translation and Publication of the Ma.n.u.script Dutch Records of New Netherland, with an Account of Previous Attempts at Translation," New York State Library Education Department Bulletin, January 1, 1910; Vivian C. Hopkins, "The Dutch Records of New York: Francis Adrian van der Kemp and De Witt Clinton," New York History, New York History, October 1962; New York Secretary of State, "Inventory of Dutch and English Colonial Papers"; Hugh Hastings, ed., October 1962; New York Secretary of State, "Inventory of Dutch and English Colonial Papers"; Hugh Hastings, ed., Public Papers of George Clinton, Public Papers of George Clinton, 1: 710; Charles Gehring, "New Netherland Ma.n.u.scripts in United States Repositories," 1: 710; Charles Gehring, "New Netherland Ma.n.u.scripts in United States Repositories," de Halve Maen de Halve Maen 57 (August 1983); Charles Gehring, "New Netherland Translating New York's Dutch Past," 57 (August 1983); Charles Gehring, "New Netherland Translating New York's Dutch Past," Humanities Humanities (November/December 1993); Ronald Howard, "John Romeyn Brodhead," (November/December 1993); Ronald Howard, "John Romeyn Brodhead," de Halve Maen de Halve Maen 59 (July 1985); Peter Christoph, "Story of the New Netherland Project," 59 (July 1985); Peter Christoph, "Story of the New Netherland Project," de Halve Maen de Halve Maen 61 (September 1988); Charles K. Winne, Jr., "Arnold J. F. van Laer (18691955), An Appreciation," in A. J. F. van Laer, trans., 61 (September 1988); Charles K. Winne, Jr., "Arnold J. F. van Laer (18691955), An Appreciation," in A. J. F. van Laer, trans., New York Historical Ma.n.u.scripts: Dutch, New York Historical Ma.n.u.scripts: Dutch, vol. 1; Application Form, U. S. Department of the Interior, "Save America's Treasures" Program, Project: Dutch Colonial Ma.n.u.scripts, 16381670; and interviews with Charles Gehring, Peter Christoph, Christina Holden, Janny Venema. vol. 1; Application Form, U. S. Department of the Interior, "Save America's Treasures" Program, Project: Dutch Colonial Ma.n.u.scripts, 16381670; and interviews with Charles Gehring, Peter Christoph, Christina Holden, Janny Venema.

Threats were made: Information about Tryon comes from Paul David Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, and from original doc.u.ments in the Andrew Elliot Papers at the New York State Library. and from original doc.u.ments in the Andrew Elliot Papers at the New York State Library.

"Sir-As I am": J. V. N. Yates, "Report of the Secretary of State, relative to the records &c. in his office," 44.

mold set in: Interview (August 27, 2002) with Maria Holden, conservator, New York State Archives.

according to a letter: It has been a.s.sumed the records spent the entire war aboard the d.u.c.h.ess of Gordon d.u.c.h.ess of Gordon and another s.h.i.+p, the and another s.h.i.+p, the Warwick, Warwick, but a letter from Crevecoeur to Franklin, written in 1783, provides evidence that they were moved to the Tower late in the conflict. J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, but a letter from Crevecoeur to Franklin, written in 1783, provides evidence that they were moved to the Tower late in the conflict. J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer, Letters from an American Farmer, 341. 341.

"much mill-dewed": Yates, "Report of the Secretary of State" 46.

"immediate measures ought": Van Laer, "Translation and Publication of the Ma.n.u.script Dutch Records of New Netherland."

a fiasco of small errors: Historians had long suspected Van der Kemp's translations were flawed. Charles Gehring was able to a.s.sess just how bad they were after he discovered two volumes that had escaped destruction in the fire.

having a drinking problem: In fact, it is Stuyvesant, writing to the company directors, who refers to the man as the "drunkard Johannes Dijckmans."

"Then, one day in 1655": The change in handwriting-the moment at which Dijckman's career ends-occurs on Tuesday, May 9, 1655, and appears on page 193 of Charles Gehring, Fort Orange Court Minutes, 16521660. Fort Orange Court Minutes, 16521660.

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