137: Jung, Pauli, and the Pursuit of a Scientific Obsession Part 18

"possibility of suicide in a desperate moment": From the Dulles Archives, Princeton University. Quoted from Bair (2004), p. 492.

"as a footnote to a case of Jung's": Quoted from Bair (2004), p. 495 from a "Report" by Bancroft to Dulles. Dulles's record in the war and its aftermath was exemplary. But instead of as a footnote to the case of Jung, he went down in history as a footnote to the failed invasion of Cuba in 1961. President John F. Kennedy forced him to resign as CIA director, thus ending a career in intelligence that began with a coterie of agents that included Carl Jung.

creative potential of the greatest complexity: Jung (1918), p. 14.

robbed science and culture of their spiritual foundations: See Drab (2005), p. 54.

"I have fallen afoul of contemporary history": Jung to von Speyer, April 13, 1934: CL, Volume I.

"Well, I slipped up": Jaffe (1971), p. 98.

n.o.bel Prize for his discovery of the exclusion principle: Bohr's name is strikingly absent from the list of people over the years who nominated Pauli for a n.o.bel prize. Throughout their careers, the relations.h.i.+p between the two men was th.o.r.n.y. Perhaps what irked Bohr was the way in which Pauli's early failures to derive the hydrogen molecule ion and the helium atom from Bohr's theory of the atom seriously undermined it. Pauli's later discovery of the fourth quantum number was one of the final pegs in its coffin. And his realization (as he tried to unravel the anomalous Zeeman effect) that all models of the atom with an inert core were wrong of course included Bohr's. Pauli's incessant criticisms too often annoyed Bohr-as dramatized in the spoof Faust in Copenhagen in which G.o.d stood for Bohr and Mephistopheles for Pauli. Indeed four years after Pauli's death, Bohr chose to mention his high regard for Stoner's work which he had, until then, kept to himself. In a shockingly unfair a.s.sessment of events some four decades earlier, he said: "Pauli was absolutely wonderful, but there was absolutely not a word that is new in the Pauli principle. This was all done by Stoner...one could have really called it the Stoner principle." (Interview with Bohr by T. S. Kuhn, AHQP, November 7, 1962, p. 10.) In fact, although Stoner was close to discovering the exclusion principle, he was unable to make the final leap. With a deeper understanding of the problem, Pauli did.

"excluding Pauli himself": Speech by Panofsky, December 10, 1945, CERN Archive Collection, Doc.u.ment PLC Bi 264.

"I feel, however, that I am European": Pauli to Casimir, October 11, 1945: PLC3 [780].

"the same about the spiritual situation": Pauli to Casimir, October 11, 1945: PLC3 [780].

"be brought under international control": Pauli to Klein, September 4, 1945: PLC3 [767].

"when those 'A-bombs' were dropped": Pauli to von Franz, May 17, 1951: PLC4 [1239].

Swiss citizen and a professor at the ETH: Enz (1997), May, 5 1946, doc.u.ment II.134, which contains Roth's testimony on behalf of Pauli to Switzerland's Supervisor of Schools.

"rotation are being tried": P/J [32P], October 28, 1946.

Kepler's mandala is static and cannot rotate: Pauli (1952), p. 234.

the limitations of modern science: Pauli (1952), p. 258.

"system of resonators": Pauli (1952), p. 258.

s.p.a.ce and time were relative to G.o.d: Pauli to Fierz, December 29, 1947: PLC3 [926].

"in the unconscious of modern man": P/J [33P], December 23, 1947.

Jung was in the audience: P/J [33P], December 23, 1947. Pauli gave two lectures-February 28 and March 6, 1948. For a summary see P/J, pp. 203209.

"a scientific theory of nature": P/J, p. 204.

"and their archetypal foundations": Jung (1948), p. 473.

"that amusing 'Pauli effect'": P/J [34P], June 16, 1948.

"quant.i.tative and figurative-i.e., symbolic sense": Pauli (1948a), p. 179.

"concepts were still relatively undeveloped": Pauli (1948a), p. 179.

"'background physics' is of an archetypal nature": Pauli (1948a), p. 170.

"into the world of physics": Pauli (1948a), p. 180.

to translate the concept of spectral lines: Pauli (1948a), p. 182.

appears as two spectral lines: Pauli (1948a), p. 183. Pauli was thinking of hydrogen. The hydrogen atom has one electron in its sh.e.l.l, so each of its spectral lines splits into two lines to give it a fine structure.

Pauli first mentioned his interest in a neutral language in 1935. See P/J [13P], in which he looked into "the use of physical a.n.a.logies to denote psychology facts in my dreams."

the conscious as the mirror of the unconscious: Pauli (1948a), p. 186.

spectral lines on a photographic plate: P/J, Appendix 7, p. 210. The editors identify this as a "Handwritten note from Pauli, undated." Actually, it was an attachment to Pauli's letter to Jung of December 23, 1953 (included in P/J [66P])-see PLC5 [1695].

a separation defined by 137: Pauli (1948a), p. 191.

belief that 137 was an archetypal number: See Pauli (1948a), pp. 187 and 189.

the whole process seems like nonsense: See Jung (1930).

"the divisibility of a quant.i.ty by four": The first quotation is from P/J [38P], June 4, 1950 and the second from P/J [23P], October 15, 1938.

"main source of the feeling of harmony": P/J [23P], October 15, 1938.

"And examines himself": Wilhelm (1923), p. 649.

Chapter 11 * Synchronicity.

a clash of the four opposing concepts: Pauli (1948a), p. 191. I have replaced Pauli's diagram with one from a letter he wrote to Jung two years later in 1950. The diagram is a visual representation of his text-see P/J [45P], November 24, 1950.

"inherent in the distinction between subject and object": Bohr (1961), p. 91.

"both negatively and positively (creatively)": Pauli (1948a), p. 192.

an egg that then divides into two eggs: Pauli (1948a), pp. 192194.

"symbolic description [of nature] par excellence": Pauli (1948a), p. 195.

as well as the unconscious: Pauli (1948a), p. 191.

parapsychological phenomena as a medical student: The term "synchronicity" appears for the first time in their correspondence in Pauli's letter to Jung of November 7, 1948, in which he wrote of their discussing "the 'synchronicity' of dreams and external circ.u.mstances" (P/J [35P]: November 7, 1948).

"psychic and physical sequence of events come about": MDR, p. 407.

out-of-body occurrences and mental states: Jung (1952a), p. 437.

to Pauli about Dunne's clairvoyance: P/J [8J], October 29, 1934. Dunne's book was a great success, especially the third edition which carried a note by Arthur Stanley Eddington in which he agreed that any theory of physics based solely upon cause and effect could not fully explain the world about us. See Dunne (2001), p. 132.

"tentatively called the synchronistic principle": Jung (1930), p. 56.

"one of the best ideas": Jung to Wylie, partial handwritten letter undated, in Philip Wylie Archives, Princeton University, quoted from Bair (2004), p. 551.

"manifestations of the unconscious": Jung (1930), p. 56.

"preoccupation with psychic phenomena": P/J [7P], October 26, 1934.

"who looks at an infinite number of objects": P/J [8J], October 29, 1934.

"naturally regarded by us as superst.i.tion": Jung to Jordan, November 10, 1934, in CL, vol. 1.

"paying serious attention to such ideas": P/J [36J], June 22, 1949.

"the statistical method": P/J [45P], November 24, 1950.

"psychic state of the partic.i.p.ants": P/J [45P], November 24, 1950.

But they existed nonetheless: Jung (1952a), p. 424; and P/J [46J], November 30, 1950.

"see any archetypal basis (or am I wrong there?)": P/J [37P], June 28, 1949. Rhine's experimental results have been severely criticized. His experimental procedures lacked strict controls and several cases of falsification of records-in addition to just plain cheating-by his laboratory a.s.sistants, who often served as test subjects as well, have come to light.

"psychologists of the unconscious to this": Pauli to Fierz, March 20, 1950: PCL4 [1091].

constructing a scientific basis for astrology: Jung (1952a), p. 475. Jung ended up omitting a great deal from his initial drafts. The ma.n.u.scripts to Jung's "Synchronicity" paper can be studied at the Historisches Sammlungen, ETH Library, file Hs 1055:867, 1 and 2.

there is no cause-and-effect connection: Jung (1952a), p. 474.

"a certain spiritual fertilization takes place": Pauli to Fierz, November 26, 1949: PLC3 [1058].

tended to use synonymously with "simultaneity": P/J [38P], June 4, 1950.

"hypothesis of the collective unconscious": Jung (1952a), pp. 439440.

given that the scarab is an ancient Egyptian symbol of rebirth: Jung (1952a), pp. 426, 427, 438.

"a direct connection with an archetype": Jung (1952a), p. 481.

"he is, like Merlin, in need of redemption": Pauli to Emma Jung, in P/J [44P], November 16, 1950.

"That, I believe, is the myth of my life": Pauli to Jaffe, January 23, 1952: PCL4 [1350].

"in order to determine the time": Pauli to Jung, February 2, 1951: PLC4 [1200]. The set of dreams that Pauli enclosed with this letter was not included in the version published in P/J [50P]. It turned up in the correspondence of Jung's secretary, Aniela Jaffe, who often acted as a clearinghouse.

"not-yet-a.s.similated thoughts": P/J [39J], June 20, 1950.

worldview so deplored by Fludd: P/J [39J], June 20, 1950.

"the idealization of observation and definition respectively": Bohr (1961), pp. 5455.

"no shortage of 'not-yet-a.s.similated thoughts'": P/J [40P], June 23, 1950.

"with the aid of the new principle of synchronicity": P/J [45P], November 24, 1950.

a coincidence in time-total nonsense to a physicist: P/J [45P], November 24, 1950.

"half-life phenomenon of radium decay": ETH-Bibliothek Hs 1055:867, 1. Jung's other instances of physical phenomena on which synchronicity might be informative were: "The greatest density of water is at 4 c[entigrade]; The energy quanta; and the potential existence of the crystal lattice in the liquid that grows crystals."

the synchronistic phenomenon would immediately vanish: P/J [37P], June 28, 1949.

"a psychic state and a nonpsychic state": P/J [46J], November 30, 1950.

"has not lost its validity against the unconscious": P/J [46J], November 30, 1950.

devised with Pauli's help: Jung (1952a), p. 514.

"the psychology of the unconscious on the other hand": P/J [46J], November 30, 1950.

"the mathematical concept of probability": P/J [46J], November 30, 1950.

"the probability of psychic events": P/J [49J], January 13, 1951.

can do that is important: P/J [67J], October 10, 1955.

"avoided because of their bad name": Jung (1952a), p. 513.

"appreciate the psychological arguments": Jung (1952a), p. 514.

"in the human psyche": Pauli (1952), p. 221.

"a system of natural laws (that is, a scientific theory)": Pauli (1952), p. 220.

"constructing such a link": Pauli (1952), p. 220.

"distinct from the world of phenomena": Pauli (1952), p. 221.

"postulate of a cosmic order": Pauli (1952), p. 220.

"images with strong emotional content": Pauli (1952), p. 221.

"happiness that man feels in understanding" nature: Pauli (1952), p. 221.

"emotional content stemming from the unconscious": Pauli (1952), p. 234.

"a differentiation that can be traced throughout history": Pauli (1952), p. 258.