The Grammar of English Grammars Part 245

"p.r.o.nouns agree with the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person."--_Butler and Bullions cor._ "In the first two examples, the antecedent is _person_, or something equivalent; in the last [_one_], it is _thing_."--_N. Butler cor._ "In what character he was admitted, is unknown."--_Id._ "To what place he was going, is not known."--_Id._ "In the preceding examples, _John, Caesar_, and _James_, are the subjects."--_Id._ "_Yes_ is generally used to denote a.s.sent, _in answer_ to a question."--_Id._ "_That_, in its origin, is the pa.s.sive participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb _thean_, [_thegan, thicgan, thicgean_, or _thigan_,] _to take_."--_Id._ "But, in all these sentences, _as_ and _so_ are adverbs."--_Id._ "After an interjection or _an_ exclamatory sentence, is _usually_ placed the mark of exclamation."--_D. Blair cor._ "Intransitive verbs, from their nature, can have no distinction of voice."--_Bullions cor._ "To the inflection of verbs, belong Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons."--_Id._ "_As_ and _so_, in the antecedent member of a comparison, are properly Adverbs." Better: "_As_ OR _so_, in the antecedent member of a comparison, _is_ properly _an adverb_."--_Id._ "In the following Exercise, point out the words in apposition."--_Id._ "In the following Exercise, point out the noun or p.r.o.noun denoting the possessor."--_Id._ "_Its_ is not found in the Bible, except by misprint."--_Brown's Inst.i.tutes_, p. 49. "No one's interest is concerned, except mine."--_Hallock cor._ "In most of the modern languages, there are four concords."--_St. Quentin cor._ "In ill.u.s.tration of these remarks, let us suppose a case."--_Hart cor._ "On the right management of the emphasis, depends the life of p.r.o.nunciation."--_J. S. Hart and L. Murray cor._ See _Blair's Rhet._, p. 330.

UNDER RULE XV.--OF INTERJECTIONS.

"Behold, he is in the desert."--_Friend's Bible_. "And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my Lord."--_Alger's Bible_. "Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live."--_Friend's Bible, and Alger's_.

"Behold, I come quickly."--_Rev._, xxii, 7. "Lo, I am with you always."--_Day cor._ "And, lo, I am with you alway."--_Alger's Bible: Day cor._; also _Scott and Bruce_. "Ha, ha, ha; how laughable that is!"--_Bullions cor._ "Interjections of laughter; _ha, ha, Ha_."--_Wright cor._

UNDER RULE XVI.--OF WORDS REPEATED.

"Lend, lend your wings!" &c.--_Pope._ "To bed, to bed, to bed. There is a knocking at the gate. Come, come, come. What is done, cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed."--SHAKSPEARE: _Burghs Speaker_, p. 130. "I will roar, that the duke shall cry, Encore, encore, let him roar, let him roar, once more, once more."--_Id., ib._, p. 136.

"Vital spark of heavenly flame!

Quit, oh quit this mortal frame!"--_Pope_.

"O the pleasing, pleasing anguish, When we love, and when we languish."--_Addison_.

"Praise to G.o.d, immortal praise, For the love that crowns our days!"--_Barbauld_.

UNDER RULE XVII.--OF DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

"Thus, of an infant, we say, '_It_ is a lovely creature.'"--_Bullions cor._ "No being can state a falsehood in saying, '_I am_;' for no one can utter _this_, if it is not true."--_Cardell cor._ "I know they will cry out against this, and say, 'Should he pay,' means, 'If he should pay.'"--_O. B.

Peirce cor._ "For instance, when we say, '_The house is building_,' the advocates of the new theory ask,--'building _what?_' We might ask in turn, When you say, 'The field _ploughs_ well,'--ploughs _what?_ 'Wheat _sells_ well,'--sells _what?_ If _usage_ allows us to say, 'Wheat _sells_ at a dollar,' in a sense that is not active; why may it not also allow us to say, 'Wheat is _selling_ at a dollar' in a sense that is not active?"--_Hart cor._ "_Man_ is accountable,' equals, '_Mankind_ are accountable.'"--_Barrett cor._ "Thus, when we say, 'He may be reading,'

_may_ is the real verb; the other parts are verbs by name only."--_Smart cor._ "Thus we say, _an apple, an hour_, that two vowel sounds may not come together."--_Id._ "It would be as improper to say, _an unit_, as to say, _an youth_; to say, _an one_, as to say, _an wonder_."--_Id._ "When we say, 'He died for the truth,' _for_ is a preposition."--_Id._ "We do not say, 'I might go yesterday;' but, 'I might have gone yesterday.'"--_Id._ "By student, we understand, one who has by matriculation acquired the rights of academical citizens.h.i.+p; but, by _bursche_, we understand, one who has already spent a certain time at the university."--_Howitt cor._

SECTION II.--THE SEMICOLON.

CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF COMPLEX MEMBERS.

"The buds spread into leaves, and the blossoms swell to fruit; but they know not how they grow, nor who causes them to spring up from the bosom of the earth."--_Day cor._ "But he used his eloquence chiefly against Philip, king of Macedon; and, in several orations, he stirred up the Athenians to make war against him."--_Bullions cor._ "For the sake of euphony, the _n_ is dropped before a consonant; and, because most words begin with a consonant, this of course is its more common form."--_Id._ "But if I say, 'Will _a_ man be able to carry this burden?' it is manifest the idea is entirely changed; the reference is not to number, but to the species; and the answer might be, 'No; but a horse will.'"--_Id._ "In direct discourse, a noun used by the speaker or writer to designate himself [in the special relation of speaker or writer], is said to be of the _first_ person; used to designate the person addressed, it is said to be of the _second_ person; and, when used to designate a person or thing [merely] spoken of, it is said to be of the _third_ person."--_Id._ "Vice stings us, even in our pleasures; but virtue consoles us, even in our pains."--_Day cor._ "Vice is infamous, though in a prince; and virtue, honourable, though in a peasant."--_Id._ "Every word that is the name of a person or thing, is a _noun_; because, 'A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing.'"--_Bullions cor._

"This is the sword with which he did the deed; And that, the s.h.i.+eld by which he was defended."--_Bucke cor._

UNDER RULE II.--OF SIMPLE MEMBERS. "A deathlike paleness was diffused over his countenance; a chilling terror convulsed his frame; his voice burst out at intervals into broken accents."--_Jerningham cor._ "The Lacedemonians never traded; they knew no luxury; they lived in houses built of rough materials; they _ate_ at public tables; fed on black broth; and despised every thing effeminate or luxurious."--_Whelpley cor._ "Government is the agent; society is the princ.i.p.al."--_Wayland cor._ "The essentials of speech were anciently supposed to be sufficiently designated by the _Noun_ and the _Verb_; to which was subsequently added the _Conjunction_."--_Bullions cor._ "The first faint gleamings of thought in its mind, are but reflections from the parents' own intellect; the first manifestations of temperament, are from the contagious parental fountain; the first aspirations of soul, are but the warmings and promptings of the parental spirit."--_Jocelyn cor._ "_Older_ and _oldest_ refer to maturity of age; _elder_ and _eldest_, to priority of right by birth. _Farther_ and _farthest_ denote place or distance; _further_ and _furthest_, quant.i.ty or addition."--_Bullions cor._ "Let the divisions be _natural_; such as obviously suggest themselves to the mind; _such_ as may aid your main design; and _such as may_ be easily remembered."--_Goldsbury cor._

"Gently make haste, of labour not afraid; A hundred times consider what you've said."--_Dryden cor._

UNDER RULE III.--OF APPOSITION, &C.

(1.) "Adjectives are divided [, in Frost's Practical Grammar,] into two cla.s.ses; adjectives denoting _quality_, and adjectives denoting _number_."--_Frost cor._ (2.) "There are [, according to some authors,] two cla.s.ses of adjectives; _qualifying_ adjectives, and _limiting_ adjectives."--_N. Butler cor._ (3-5.) "There are three genders; the _masculine_, the _feminine_, and the _neuter_."--_Frost et al. cor._; also _L. Mur. et al_.; also _Hendrick: Inst._, p. 35. (6.) "The Singular denotes _one_; the Plural, _more_ than one."--_Hart cor._ (7.) "There are three cases; viz., the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective."--_Hendrick cor._ (8.) "Nouns have three cases; the _nominative_, the _possessive_, and the _objective_."--_Kirkham cor._ (9.) "In English, nouns have three cases; the _nominative_, the _possessive_, and the _objective_."--_Smith cor._ (10.) "Grammar is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."--_Hazen_. (11.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."--_Mur. et al. cor._ (12.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography. Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."--_Bucke cor._ (13.) "It is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Lennie, Bullions, et al_.

(14.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Hendrick cor._ (15.) "Grammar is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Chandler cor._ (16.) "It is divided into four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Cooper and Frost cor._ (17.) "English Grammar has been usually divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Nutting cor._ (18.) "Temperance leads to happiness; intemperance, to misery."--_Hiley and Hart cor._ (19, 20.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy, his crimes."--_Hiley cor._; also _Murray_. (21.) "Many writers use a plural noun after the second of two numeral adjectives; thus, 'The first and second _pages_ are torn.'"--_Bullions cor._ (22.) "Of these, [i. e., of _Cases_,] the Latin has six; the Greek, five; the German, four; the Saxon, six; the French, three; &c."--_Id._

"In _ing_ it ends, when doing is expressed; In _d, t, n_, when suffering's confessed."--_Brightland cor._

MIXED EXAMPLES CORRECTED.

"In old books, _i_ is often used for _j; v_, for _u; vv_, for _w_; and _ii_ or _ij_, for _y_."--_Hart cor._ "The forming of letters into words and syllables, is also called _Spelling_."--_Id._ "l.a.b.i.als are formed chiefly by the _lips_; dentals, by the _teeth_; palatals, by the palate; gutturals, by the _throat_; nasals, by the _nose_; and linguals, by the _tongue_."--_Id._ "The l.a.b.i.als are _p, b, f, v_; the dentals, _t, d, s, z_; the palatals, _g_ soft and _j_; the gutturals, _k, q_, and _c_ and _g_ hard; the nasals, _m_ and _n_; and the linguals, _l_ and _r_."--_Id._ "Thus, '_The_ man, _having finished_ his letter, will carry it to the _post-office_.'"--_Id._ "Thus, in the sentence, '_He_ had a dagger concealed under his cloak,' _concealed_ is pa.s.sive, signifying _being concealed_; but, in the former combination, it goes to make up a form the force of which is active."--_Id._ "Thus, in Latin, '_He_ had concealed the dagger,' would be, '_Pugionem abdiderat_;' but, '_He_ had the dagger concealed,' would be, '_Pugionem abditum habebat_."--_Id._ "_Here_, for instance, means, 'in this place;' _now_, 'at this time;' &c."--_Id._ "Here _when_ both declares the _time_ of the action, and so is an adverb; and also _connects_ the two verbs, and so _resembles_ a conjunction."--_Id._ "These words were all, no doubt, originally other parts of speech; viz., verbs, nouns, and adjectives."--_Id._ "The princ.i.p.al parts of a sentence, are the subject, the attribute, and the object; in other words, the nominative, the verb, and the objective."--_Id._ "Thus, the adjective is connected with the noun; the adverb, with the verb or adjective; _the p.r.o.noun_, with _its antecedent_; &c." "_Between_ refers to two; _among_, to more than two."--_Id._ "_At_ is used after a verb of rest; _to_, after a verb of motion."--_Id._ "Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Pa.s.sive, and Neuter."--_L. Murray_. [Active] "Verbs are divided into two cla.s.ses; Transitive and Intransitive."--_Hendrick cor._ "The Parts of Speech, in the English language, are nine; viz., _the_ Article, Noun, Adjective, p.r.o.noun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction."--_Bullions cor._ See _Lennie_. "Of these, the Noun, p.r.o.noun, and Verb, are declined; the rest are indeclinable."--_Bullions, a.n.a.lyt. and Pract. Gram._, p. 18. "The first expression is called 'the _Active_ form;' the second, 'the _Pa.s.sive_ form.'"--_Weld cor._

"O, 'tis a G.o.dlike privilege to save; And he that scorns it, is himself a slave."--_Cowper cor._

SECTION III.--THE COLON.

CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

"_Of_ is a preposition: it expresses the relation between _fear_ and _Lord_."--_Bullions cor._ "Wealth and poverty are both temptations to man: _that_ tends to excite pride; _this_, discontentment."--_Id. et al cor._ "Religion raises men above themselves; irreligion sinks them beneath the brutes: _this_ binds them down to a poor pitiable speck of perishable earth; _that_ opens for them a prospect to the skies."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 189. "Love not idleness: it destroys many."--_Ingersoll cor._ "Children, obey your parents: 'Honour thy father and mother,' is the first commandment with promise."--_Bullions cor._ "Thou art my _hiding-place_ and my s.h.i.+eld; I hope in thy _word_."--_Psalm_ cxix, 114. "The sun shall not smite _thee_ by day, nor the moon by night. The Lord _shall_ preserve _thee_ from _all_ evil: _he shall preserve thy_ soul."--_Psalm_ cxxi, 6.

"Here _to_ Greece is a.s.signed the highest place in the cla.s.s of objects among which she is numbered--the nations of antiquity: she is one of them."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 114.

"From short (as usual) and disturb'd repose, I wake: how happy they who wake no more!"--_Young, N. T._, p. 3.

UNDER RULE II.--OF GREATER PAUSES.

"A taste _of_ a thing, implies actual enjoyment of it; but a tase [sic--KTH] _for_ it, implies only capacity for enjoyment: as, 'When we have had a true taste _of_ the pleasures of virtue, we can have no relish _for_ those of vice.'"--_Bullions cor._ "The Indicative mood simply declares a thing: as, 'He _loves_;' 'He _is_ loved:' or it asks a question; as, '_Lovest_ thou me?'"--_Id. and Lennie cor._; also _Murray_. "The Imperfect (or Past) tense represents an action or event indefinitely as past; as, 'Caesar _came_, and _saw_, and _conquered_:' or it represents the action definitely as unfinished and continuing at a certain time now entirely past; as, 'My father _was coming_ home when I met him.'"--_Bullions cor._ "Some nouns have no plural; as, _gold, silver, wisdom_: others have no singular: as, _ashes, shears, tongs_: others are alike in both numbers; as, _sheep, deer, means, news_."--_Day cor._ "The same verb may be transitive in one sense, and intransitive in an other: thus, in the sentence, 'He believes my story,' _believes_ is transitive; but, in this phrase, 'He believes in G.o.d,' it is intransitive."--_Butler cor._ "Let the divisions be _distinct_: one part should not include _an other_, but each should have its proper place, and be of importance in that place; and all the parts, well fitted together and united, should present a _perfect_ whole."--_Goldsbury cor._ "In the use of the transitive verb, there are always _three_ things implied; the _actor_, the _act_, and the _object_ acted upon: in the use of the intransitive, there are only _two_; the subject, or _the thing_ spoken of, and the _state_ or _action_ attributed to it."--_Bullions cor._

"Why labours reason? instinct were as well; Instinct, far better: what can choose, can err."--_Young_, vii, 622.

UNDER RULE III.--OF INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

"The sentence may run thus: 'He is related to the same person, and is governed by him.'"--_Hart cor._ "Always remember this ancient proverb: 'Know thyself.'"--_Hallock cor._ "Consider this sentence: 'The boy runs swiftly.'"--_Frazee cor._ "The comparative is used thus: 'Greece was more polished than any other nation of antiquity.' The same idea is expressed by the superlative, when the word _other_ is left out: thus, 'Greece was the most polished nation of antiquity.'"--_Bullions and Lennie cor._ "Burke, in his speech on the Carnatic war, makes the following allusion to the well known fable of _Cadmus_ sowing dragon's teeth:--'Every day you are fatigued and disgusted with this cant: 'The Carnatic is a country that will soon recover, and become instantly as prosperous as ever.' They think they are talking to innocents, who believe that by the sowing of dragon's teeth, men may come up ready grown and ready made.'"--_Hiley and Hart cor._

"For sects he car'd not: 'They are not of us, Nor need we, brethren, their concerns discuss.'"--_Crabbe cor._

"Habit, with him, was all the test of truth: 'It must be right; I've done it from my youth.'

Questions he answer'd in as brief a way: 'It must be wrong; it was of yesterday.'"--_Id._

MIXED EXAMPLES CORRECTED.

"This would seem to say, 'I doubt nothing, save one thing; namely, that he will _fulfill_ his promise:' whereas that is the very thing not doubted."--_Bullions cor._ "The common use of language requires, that a distinction be made between _morals_ and _manners_: the former depend upon internal dispositions; the latter, _upon_ outward and visible accomplishments."--_Beattie cor._ "Though I detest war in each particular fibre of my heart, yet I honour the heroes among our fathers, who fought with b.l.o.o.d.y hand. Peacemakers in a savage way, they were faithful to their light: the most inspired can be no more; and we, with greater light, do, it may be, far less."--_T. Parker cor._ "The article _the_, like _a_, must have a substantive joined with it; whereas _that_, like _one_, may have it understood: thus, speaking of books, I may select one, and say, 'Give me that;' but not, 'Give me _the_;'--[so I may say,] 'Give me _one_;' but not, 'Give me _a_.'"--_Bullions cor._ "The Present tense has three distinct forms: the _simple_; as, I read: the _emphatic_; as, I do read: and the _progressive_; as, I am reading." Or thus: "The Present tense has three distinct forms;--the _simple_; as, 'I read;'--the _emphatic_; as, 'I do read;'--and the _progressive_; as, 'I am reading.'"--_Id._ "The tenses in English are usually reckoned six: the _Present_, the _Imperfect_, the _Perfect_, the _Pluperfect_, the _First-future_, and the _Second-future_."--_Id._ "There are three participles; the Present or Active, the Perfect or Pa.s.sive, and the Compound Perfect: as, _loving, loved, having loved_." Or, better: "There are three participles from each verb; namely, the _Imperfect_, the _Perfect_, and the _Preperfect_; as, _turning, turned, having turned_."--_Murray et al. cor._ "The participles are three; the Present, the Perfect, and the Compound Perfect: as, _loving, loved, having loved_." Better: "The participles of each verb are three; the _Imperfect_, the _Perfect_, and the _Preperfect_: as, _turning, turned, having turned_."--_Hart cor._ "_Will_ is conjugated regularly, when it is a princ.i.p.al verb: as, present, I _will_; past, I _willed_; &c."--_Frazee cor._ "And both sounds of _x_ are compound: one is that of _gz_, and the other, that of _ks_."--_Id._ "The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful."--_L. Mur._, p. 28: _Cooper cor._ "The p.r.o.noun stands _in stead_ of the noun: as, 'The man is happy; _he_ is benevolent; _he_ is useful.'"--_L.

Murray cor._ "A p.r.o.noun is a word used _in stead_ of a noun, to _prevent_ too frequent _a_ repet.i.tion of it: as, 'The man is happy; _he_ is benevolent; _he_ is useful.'"--_Id._ "A p.r.o.noun is a word used in the room of a noun, or as a subst.i.tute for one or more words: as, 'The man is happy; _he_ is benevolent; _he_ is useful.'"--_Cooper cor._ "A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or cla.s.s, of beings or things; as, _Animal, tree, insect, fish, fowl_."--_Id._ "Nouns have three persons; the _first_, the _second_, and the _third_."--_Id._

"_So_ saying, her rash hand in evil hour Forth reaching to the fruit, she pluck'd, she _eat_: Earth felt the wound; and _Nature_ from her seat, Sighing through all her works, gave signs of _woe_, That all was lost."--MILTON, P. L., Book ix, l. 780.

SECTION IV.--THE PERIOD.

CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF DISTINCT SENTENCES.

"The third person is the position of _a word by which an object is merely_ spoken of; as, 'Paul and Silas were imprisoned.'--'The earth thirsts.'--'The sun s.h.i.+nes.'"--_Frazee cor._

"Two, and three, and four, make nine. If he were here, he would a.s.sist his father and mother; for he is a dutiful son. They live together, and are happy, because they enjoy each other's society. They went to Roxbury, and tarried all night, and came back the next day."--_Goldsbury cor._

"We often resolve, but seldom perform. She is wiser than her sister. Though he is often advised, yet he does not reform. Reproof either softens or hardens its object. He is as old as his cla.s.smates, but not so learned.