The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Part 18

[Footnote 413: _Phaeton rubricauda_: 'Ibis,' vol. iii. 1861, p. 180.]

[Footnote 414: On the _Strix flammea_, Audubon, 'Ornithological Biography,' 1864, vol. ii. p. 407. I have observed other cases in the Zoological Gardens.]

[Footnote 415: _Melopsittacus undulatus_. See an account of its habits by Gould, 'Handbook of Birds of Australia,' 1865, vol. ii. p. 82.]

[Footnote 416: See, for instance, the account which I have given ('Descent of Man,' vol. ii. p. 32) of an Anolis and Draco.]

[Footnote 417: These muscles are described in his well-known works. I am greatly indebted to this distinguished observer for having given me in a letter information on this same subject.]

[Footnote 418: 'Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen,' 1857, s. 82. I owe to Prof. W. Turner's kindness an extract from this work.]

[Footnote 419: 'Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,' 1853, vol.

i. p. 262.]

[Footnote 420: 'Lehrbuch der Histologie,' 1857, s. 82.]

[Footnote 421: 'Dictionary of English Etymology,' p. 403.]

[Footnote 421: See the account of the habits of this animal by Dr.

Cooper, as quoted in 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, p. 512.]

[Footnote 422: Dr. Gunther, 'Reptiles of British India,' p. 262.]

[Footnote 424: Mr. J. Mansel Weale, 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, p. 508.]

[Footnote 425: 'Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the "Beagle,"'

1845, p. 96. I have compared the rattling thus produced with that of the Rattle-snake.]

[Footnote 426: See the account by Dr. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196.]

[Footnote 427: The 'American Naturalist,' Jan. 1872, p. 32. I regret that I cannot follow Prof. Shaler in believing that the rattle has been developed, by the aid of natural selection, for the sake of producing sounds which deceive and attract birds, so that they may serve as prey to the snake. I do not, however, wish to doubt that the sounds may occasionally subserve this end. But the conclusion at which I have arrived, viz. that the rattling serves as a warning to would-be devourers, appears to me much more probable, as it connects together various cla.s.ses of facts. If this snake had acquired its rattle and the habit of rattling, for the sake of attracting prey, it does not seem probable that it would have invariably used its instrument when angered or disturbed. Prof. Shaler takes nearly the same view as I do of the manner of development of the rattle; and I have always held this opinion since observing the Trigonocephalus in South America.]

[Footnote 428: From the accounts lately collected, and given in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' by Airs. Barber, on the habits of the snakes of South Africa; and from the accounts published by several writers, for instance by Lawson, of the rattle-snake in North America,--it does not seem improbable that the terrific appearance of snakes and the sounds produced by them, may likewise serve in procuring prey, by paralysing, or as it is sometimes called fascinating, the smaller animals.]

[Footnote 429: See the account by Dr. R. Brown, in Proc. Zool. Soc.

1871, p. 39. He says that as soon as a pig sees a snake it rushes upon it; and a snake makes off immediately on the appearance of a pig.]

[Footnote 430: Dr. Gunther remarks ('Reptiles of British India,' p. 340) on the destruction of cobras by the ichneumon or herpestes, and whilst the cobras are young by the jungle-fowl. It is well known that the peac.o.c.k also eagerly kills snakes.]

[Footnote 431: Prof. Cope enumerates a number of kinds in his 'Method of Creation of Organic Types,' read before the American Phil. Soc., December 15th, 1871, p. 20. Prof. Cope takes the same view as I do of the use of the gestures and sounds made by snakes. I briefly alluded to this subject in the last edition of my 'Origin of Species.' Since the pa.s.sages in the text above have been printed, I have been pleased to find that Mr. Henderson ('The American Naturalist,' May, 1872, p.

260) also takes a similar view of the use of the rattle, namely "in preventing an attack from being made."]

[Footnote 432: Mr. des Voeux, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 3.]

[Footnote 433: 'The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada,' 1866, p. 53. p.

53.{sic}]

[Footnote 434: 'The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,' 1867, p. 443.]

[Footnote 501: 'The Anatomy of Expression,' 1844, p. 190.]

[Footnote 502: 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, pp. 187, 218.]

[Footnote 503: 'The Anatomy of Expression,' 1844, p. 140.]

[Footnote 504: Many particulars are given by Gueldenstadt in his account of the jackal in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Imp. Petrop. 1775, tom. xx. p.

449. See also another excellent account of the manners of this animal and of its play, in 'Land and Water,' October, 1869. Lieut. Annesley, R. A., has also communicated to me some particulars with respect to the jackal. I have made many inquiries about wolves and jackals in the Zoological Gardens, and have observed them for myself.]

[Footnote 505: 'Land and Water,' November 6, 1869.]

[Footnote 506: Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraquay,' 1801, tom. 1. p. 136.]

[Footnote 507: 'Land and Water,' 1867, p. 657. See also Azara on the Puma, in the work above quoted.]

[Footnote 508: Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' 3rd edit. p. 123.

See also p. 126, on horses not breathing through their mouths, with reference to their distended nostrils.]

[Footnote 509: 'Land and Water,' 1869, p. 152.]

[Footnote 510: 'Natural History of Mammalia,' 1841, vol. 1. pp. 383, 410.]

[Footnote 511: Rengger ('Sagetheire von Paraquay', 1830, s. 46) kept these monkeys in confinement for seven years in their native country of Paraguay.]

[Footnote 512: Rengger, ibid. s. 46. Humboldt, 'Personal Narrative, Eng.

translat. vol. iv. p. 527.]

[Footnote 513: Nat. Hist. of Mammalia, 1841, p. 351.]

[Footnote 514: Brehm, 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 84. On baboons striking the ground, s. 61.]

[Footnote 515: Brehm remarks ('Thierleben,' s. 68) that the eyebrows of the _Inuus ecaudatus_ are frequently moved up and down when the animal is angered.]

[Footnote 516: G. Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' &c. vol.

ii. 1834, p. 153. FIG. 18.-Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky. Drawn from life by Mr. Wood.]

[Footnote 517: W. L. Martin, Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals, 1841, p. 405.]

[Footnote 518: Prof. Owen on the Orang, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 28. On the Chimpanzee, see Prof. Macalister, in Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.

vol. vii. 1871, p. 342, who states that the _corrugator supercilii_ is inseparable from the _orbicularis palpebrarum_.]

[Footnote 519: Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. 1845---47, vol. v. p. 423.

On the Chimpanzee, ibid. 1843-44, vol. iv. p. 365.]

[Footnote 520: See on this subject, 'Descent of Man,' vol. i. p. 20.]

[Footnote 521: 'Descent of Man,' vol, i. p, 43.]

[Footnote 522: 'Anatomy of Expression,' 3rd edit. 1844, pp. 138, 121.]