Ideal Illusions Part 7

46. House Committee on International Relations, The Status of Human Rights and Its Relations.h.i.+p to U.S. Economic a.s.sistance Programs, report by Subcommittee on International Organizations, 141.

47. Discussion of Human Rights and Development, H461-49, November 8, 1975.

48. Bernard Gwertzman, "U.S. Blocks Rights Data on Nations Getting Arms; U.S. Won't Give Rights Data to Congress," New York Times, November 19, 1975, 1.

49. Hugh Arnold, "Henry Kissinger and Human Rights," Universal Human Rights 2, no. 4 (OctoberDecember 1980): 5771.

50. House of Representatives, Human Rights in the World Community, 10.

51. Kathleen Teltsch, "Moynihan Calls on U.S. to 'Start Raising h.e.l.l' in the U.N.," New York Times, February 26, 1975, 3.

52. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearings on Human Rights in Chile, Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs, 1974, 21.

53. Quoted by Greg Grandin, Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), 60.

54. Senator Frank Church, "Covert Action: Swampland of American Foreign Policy," speech at Pacem in Terris IV conference, December 4, 1975.

55. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Covert Action in Chile 19631973; Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Cong., 1st sess., http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp.

56. U.S. Amba.s.sador Edward Korry, quoted in Peter Kornbluh, "Chile and the United States: Decla.s.sified Doc.u.ments Relating to the Military Coup," September 11, 1973, National Archives Electronic Briefing Book no. 8, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm.

57. Frank Church, "Covert Action."

58. Ibid., 7.

59. Warren Christopher, "Human Rights: An Important Concern of U.S. Foreign Policy, Testifying Before the Subcommittee on Foreign a.s.sistance of the U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations," March 7, 1977. Department of State Bulletin, March 28, 1977, 290.

60. Remarks by the president before the United Nations, October 5, 1977, in American Foreign Policy Basic Doc.u.ments, 19771980, 417.

61. William Lloyd Garrison, "The Lessons of Independence Day," July 4, 1842, in American Patriotism: Speeches, Letters, and Other Papers Which Ill.u.s.trate the Foundation, ed. Selim Hobart Peabody (New York: John B. Alden, 1886), 477.

62. David S. Reynolds, John Brown: Abolitionist (New York: Knopf, 2005), 270.

63. Ibid., quoting John Brown (all capitals in original), 218.

64. Ibid., 444.

65. Ibid., 5.

66. William Jennings Bryan, The Commoner Condensed (New York: Abby Press, 1902).

67. George Sewall Boutwell, The Crisis of the Republic (Boston: Dana Estes, 1900), 196.

68. Woodrow Wilson, April 15, 1917, President Wilson's State Papers and Addresses, Introduction by Albert Shaw (New York: George H. Doran, 1917), 387.

69. Ibid.

70. Theodore Roosevelt, French Academy address, April 1910.

71. Charles Lindbergh, Why Is Your Country at War and What Happens to You After the War (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: National Capital Press, 1917), 132.

72. Richard. F. Pettigrew, Imperial Was.h.i.+ngton: The Story of American Life from 18701920 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1922), 196.

73. Emma Florence Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike, 19031904 (Denver: Great Western Publis.h.i.+ng, 1904), 245.

74. William Allen White, The Old Order Changeth: A View of American Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1910), 94.

75. Simone Weil, "Human Personality," in An Anthology, ed. Sian Miles (New York: Grove Press, 2000), 62.

76. Ibid., 6061.

77. Ibid., 61. An enormous literature has developed on "rights talk," the law, and the relations.h.i.+p between rights and human needs. In particular, see Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: Free Press, 1993).

78. Weil, "Human Personality."

79. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 286.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid.

82. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Manager, 19771981 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), 123.

83. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The New Dimensions of Human Rights: Fourteenth Annual Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics and Foreign Policy, 1995, http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/morgenthau/269.html.

84. CIA, intelligence memorandum, World Trends and Developments, February 1977, 9, FOIA.

85. Ibid.

86. CIA, "Implications of Economic Nationalism in the Poor Countries," June 29, 1971, FOIA.

87. Zbigniew Brzezinski, "U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for Focus," Foreign Affairs (July 1973): 717.

88. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, "Weekly National Security Report No. 9," April 16, 1977, DDRS.

89. Ibid.

90. "Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-28: Human Rights," 7677, DDRS.

91. Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 95.

92. "Euro-communism and CIA," 16; "Prospects for Eastern Europe," June 10, 1977; CIA, "Soviet Policy at the Crossroads," July 8, 1977, 3; CIA, "Soviet View of the Dissident Problem Since Helsinki, May 1, 1977, 15, FOIA. Also see Gates, From the Shadows, 88.

93. CIA, "Soviet Policy at the Crossroads."

94. Ibid., 6.

95. Ibid.

96. CIA, "Soviet View of the Dissident Problem Since Helsinki."

97. Robert Gates, From the Shadows, 88.

98. Richard Holbrooke, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reconciling Human Rights and U.S. Security Interests in Asia, report by Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, August 10, 1982, 9.

99. See National Security Archive, "Carter Confronts the Revolution," Nicaragua: The Making of U.S. Policy, 19781990, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/nicaragua/nicaragua.html.

100. Vance to Carter, n.d., cited by Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer, Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 257.

101. Viron Vaky, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, executive sess., quoted in National Security Archive, Nicaragua: The Making of U.S. Policy, 19781990.

102. Lawrence Pezzullo and Ralph Pezzullo, At the Fall of Somoza (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1993), 71.

103. John A. Soares Jr., "Strategy, Ideology, and Human Rights," Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 4 (Fall 2006): 69.

104. Robert Gates, From the Shadows, 151.

105. A draft letter from Carter to Pope John Paul II bluntly expressed his general att.i.tude and concerns. "Elements of the extreme left" were using "violence and terrorism designed to destroy the existing order and replace it with a Marxist one which promises to be equally repressive and totalitarian. They are aided and abetted in these efforts by Cuban interventionism." Quoted by John A. Soares Jr., "Strategy, Ideology, and Human Rights," 66.

106. Robert Gates, From the Shadows, 153.

107. Jimmy Carter, toasts of the President and the Shah at a state dinner, December 31, 1977, APP.

108. Jimmy Carter, Remarks at the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations 13th Const.i.tutional Convention, November 15, 1979, APP.

109. Jimmy Carter, News conference, February 12, 1979, APP.

110. Jimmy Carter, "National Governors' a.s.sociation Toasts at a White House Dinner Honoring Governors Attending the a.s.sociation's Winter Session," February 27, 1979, APP.

111. Jimmy Carter interview with Barbara Walters, ABC-TV, December 14, 1978, APP.

112. Jimmy Carter interview with Bill Moyers, PBS, November 13, 1978, APP.

113. White House Statement, "American Hostages in Iran," November 19, 1979.

114. Anthony Lake to Cyrus Vance, "a.s.sessment of U.S. Human Rights Policy One Year After Its Inception," January 30, 1978, DDRS.

115. Warren Christopher, "The Diplomacy of Human Rights: The First Year," American Bar a.s.sociation speech, February 13, 1978, in American Foreign Policy Basic Doc.u.ments, 19771980 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Department of State, 1983), 422.

116. The same argument is made in Peter L. Berger, "To Insure Reliable Human-Rights Information," New York Times, June 4, 1977, 15.

117. These quotes are from two versions of Zbigniew Brzezinski's proposal for a human rights foundation. See Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, "Human Rights Foundation," January 24, 1978, draft, and February 7, 1978, draft, DDRS.

118. Jimmy Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski discuss creation of a human rights foundation, December 3, 1977, DDRS.

119. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, "Human Rights Foundation," January 24, 1978, draft, and February 7, 1978, draft, DDRS.

120. Ibid.

121. Ibid.

122. Memorandum from Smith to Fallows, at 2, in: Folder 5/22/77-Notre Dame Speech [2], Box 6 5/17/77-California Trip (UAW) [3] through 5/23/77-Signing Ceremony-Drought & Tax Cut Legislation, Collection Speechwriter's Office-Chron File, Carter Library, quoted by Hauke Hartmann, "U.S. Human Rights Policy Under Carter and Reagan," Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 2 (2001): 402430.

123. Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Weekly National Security Report, no. 9," April 16, 1977, DDRS.

124. Jeri Laber, The Courage of Strangers: Coming of Age with the Human Rights Movement (New York: PublicAffairs, 2002), 9798. Also "Panel in New York to Monitor Human Rights in US," New York Times, February 25, 1979, 3.

125. Though long-standing human rights groups predate the 1970s, such as the quasi-official Freedom House (1941) and the International League for Human Rights (1942), and UN and European commissions also had been founded, the growth of the leading human rights organizations in the United States comes only in the mid- to late-1970s with such path-breaking groups as the Lawyer's Committee for Human Rights (1975). For background to the kinds of human rights materials first engendered in the UN and various European organizations, see Thomas Reynold, "Highest Aspirations of Barbarous Acts," Law Library Journal 71 (February 1978).

126. Jeri Laber, The Courage of Strangers. Also, University of Ma.s.sachusetts "Kennedy Library Forum: Human Rights-Then and Now," September 23, 2002, http://www.cs.umb.edu/~rwhealan/jfk/forum_laber.html, accessed December 13, 2006.

127. Ibid.

128. Quoted by Kirsten Sellars, The Rise and Rise of Human Rights (Thrupp, UK: Sutton, 2002), 148.

129. On U.S. government and CIA involvement in the Inst.i.tute for the Study of the USSR, see "United States Government Support of Covert Action Directed at the Soviet Union," Memorandum for the 303 Committee, December 9, 1969, http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/frus1969.pdf. The Inst.i.tute's task was to produce "research papers and publications targeted at the developing countries in Africa, Middle East, and the Far East."

130. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, "A World Split Apart" (commencement speech, Harvard University, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., June 8, 1978), http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/alexandersolzhenitsynharvard.htm 131. Reuel Marc Gerecht, "'Hearts and Minds' in Iraq: As History Shows, Ideas Matter More Than Who Pays to Promote Them," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, January 10, 2006, A15.

132. Ibid.

133. Testimony of Wilson Ferreira-Aldunate, Human Rights in Uruguay and Paraguay, House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Relations, June 17, 1976, 28.

134. Particularly valuable are Kirsten Sellars's The Rise and Rise of Human Rights (Thrupp, UK: Sutton, 2002); Jonathan Power, Against Oblivion: Amnesty International's Fight for Human Rights (Glasgow: Fontana, 1981); Stephen Hopgood, Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006); Kirsten Sellars, "Human Rights and the Colonies: Deceit, Deception, and Discovery," The Round Table 93, no. 377 (October 2004): 709724.

135. Tom Buchanan, "Amnesty International in Crisis, 196667," Twentieth Century British History 15, no. 3 (2004): 267289.

136. Tom Buchanan quoting Eric Baker, "'The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International," Journal of Contemporary History 37, no. 4 (2002): 579.

137. Ibid.

138. Ibid., 584.

139. Cosmas Desmond, Persecution East and West: Human Rights, Political Prisoners and Amnesty (New York: Penguin, 1983), 80.

140. Editorial, New York Times, December 14, 1978, A30.

141. Edy Kaufman, "Prisoners of Conscience: The Shaping of a New Human Rights Concept," Human Rights Quarterly 13, no. 3 (August 1991): 339367.

142. Cosmas Desmond, quoting Nelson Mandela, Persecution East and West, 48.

143. Tom Buchanan, "'The Truth Will Set You Free,'" 585.

144. Ibid.

145. Guenter Lewy, quoting James E. Bristol, director of the AFSC Program on Non-violence, in Peace and Revolution: The Moral Crisis of American Pacifism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William E. Eerdman, 1988), 4849.

146. Quoted in Guenter Lewy, Peace and Revolution, 101.