A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature Part 47

Other works of this period were _The Paris Sketch-book_ (1840) and _The Irish Sketch-book_ (1843). His work in _Fraser_, while it was appreciated at its true worth by a select circle, had not brought him any very wide recognition: it was his contributions to _Punch_--the _Book of Sn.o.bs_ and _Jeames's Diary_--which first caught the ear of the wider public. The turning point in his career, however, was the publication in monthly numbers of _Vanity Fair_ (1847-48). This extraordinary work gave him at once a place beside Fielding at the head of English novelists, and left him no living compet.i.tor except d.i.c.kens. _Pendennis_, largely autobiographical, followed in 1848-50, and fully maintained his reputation. In 1851 he broke new ground, and appeared, with great success, as a lecturer, taking for his subject _The English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century_, following this up in 1855 with the _Four Georges_, first delivered in America. Meanwhile _Esmond_, perhaps his masterpiece, and probably the greatest novel of its kind in existence, had appeared in 1852, and _The Newcomes_ (1853), _The Virginians_, a sequel to _Esmond_, which, though containing much fine work, is generally considered to show a falling off as compared with its two immediate predecessors, came out in 1857-59. In 1860 the _Cornhill Magazine_ was started with T. for its ed., and to it he contributed _Lovell the Widower_ (1860), _The Adventures of Philip_ (1861-62), _The Roundabout Papers_, a series of charming essays, and _Denis Duval_, left a mere fragment by his sudden death, but which gave promise of a return to his highest level of performance. In addition to the works mentioned, T. for some years produced Christmas books and burlesques, of which the best were _The Rose and the Ring_ and _The Kickleburys on the Rhine_. He also wrote graceful verses, some of which, like _Bouillabaisse_, are in a strain of humour shot through with pathos, while others are the purest rollicking fun. For some years T. suffered from spasms of the heart, and he _d._ suddenly during the night of December 23, 1863, in his 53rd year.

He was a man of the tenderest heart, and had an intense enjoyment of domestic happiness; and the interruption of this, caused by the permanent breakdown of his wife's health, was a heavy calamity. This, along with his own latterly broken health, and a sensitiveness which made him keenly alive to criticism, doubtless fostered the tendency to what was often superficially called his cynical view of life. He possessed an inimitable irony and a power of sarcasm which could scorch like lightning, but the latter is almost invariably directed against what is base and hateful. To human weakness he is lenient and often tender, and even when weakness pa.s.ses into wickedness, he is just and compa.s.sionate. He saw human nature "steadily and saw it whole," and paints it with a light but sure hand. He was master of a style of great distinction and individuality, and ranks as one of the very greatest of English novelists.

SUMMARY.--_B._ 1811, _ed._ at Charterhouse and Camb., after trying law turned to journalism, in which he lost his fortune, studied art at Paris and Rome, wrote for _Fraser's Magazine_ and _Punch_, _Barry Lyndon_, _Book of Sn.o.bs_, and _Jeames's Diary_, _pub._ _Vanity Fair_ 1847-8, _Pendennis_ (1848-50), lectured on _Humourists_ 1851, and on _Four Georges_ in America 1855, _pub._ _Esmond_ 1852, _Newcomes_ 1853, _Virginians_ 1857-59, ed. _Cornhill Magazine_ 1860, his last great work, _Denis Duval_, left unfinished, _d._ 1863.

_Lives_ by Merivale and Marzials (Great Writers), A. Trollope (English Men of Letters), Whibley (Modern English Writers). Article in _Dictionary of National Biography_ by Leslie Stephen.

THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744).--Editor of Shakespeare, and translator, originally an attorney, betook himself to literature, translated from Plato, the Greek dramatists, and Homer, and wrote also essays, biographies, and poems. In 1715 he _pub._ _Shakespeare Restored, etc._, in which he severely criticised Pope's ed., and was in consequence rewarded with the first place in _The Dunciad_, and the adoption of most of his corrections in Pope's next ed. Though a poor poet, he was an acute and discriminating critic, made brilliant emendations on some of the cla.s.sics, and produced in 1734 an ed. of Shakespeare which gave him a high place among his ed.

THIRWALL, CONNOP (1797-1875).--Historian, was _b._ at Stepney, the _s._ of a clergyman, and _ed._ at the Charterhouse and Camb. He studied law, was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year _pub._ a translation of Schleiermacher's _Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke_. After this, having changed his mind, he took orders in 1827, and the next year translated, with Julius Hare (_q.v._), the first vol. of Niebuhr's _History of Rome_, and _pub._, also with him, _The Philological Museum_ (1831-33). He was an advocate for the admission of Dissenters to degrees, and in consequence of his action in the matter had to resign his Univ.

tutors.h.i.+p. Thereupon Lord Brougham, then Lord Chancellor, presented him to the living of Kirkby Underdale. Between 1835 and 1847 he wrote his great _History of Greece_, which has a place among historical cla.s.sics.

In 1840 he was made Bishop of St. David's, in which capacity he showed unusual energy in administering his see. The eleven charges which he delivered during his tenure of the see were p.r.o.nouncements of exceptional weight upon the leading questions of the time affecting the Church. As a Broad Churchman T. was regarded with suspicion by both High and Low Churchmen, and in the House of Lords generally supported liberal movements such as the admission of Jews to Parliament. He was the only Bishop who was in favour of the disestablishment of the Irish Church.

THOMS, WILLIAM JOHN (1803-1885).--Antiquary and miscellaneous writer, for many years a clerk in the secretary's office of Chelsea Hospital, was in 1845 appointed Clerk, and subsequently Deputy Librarian to the House of Lords. He was the founder in 1849 of _Notes and Queries_, which for some years he also ed. Among his publications are _Early Prose Romances_ (1827-28), _Lays and Legends_ (1834), _The Book of the Court_ (1838), _Gammer Gurton's Famous Histories_ (1846), _Gammer Gurton's Pleasant Stories_ (1848). He also _ed._ Stow's _London_, and was sec. of the Camden Society. He introduced the word "folk-lore" into the language.

THOMSON, JAMES (1700-1748).--Poet, _s._ of the minister of Ednam, Roxburghs.h.i.+re, spent most of his youth, however, at Southdean, a neighbouring parish, to which his _f._ was translated. He was _ed._ at the parish school there, at Jedburgh, and at Edin., whither he went with the view of studying for the ministry. The style of one of his earliest sermons having been objected to by the Prof. of Divinity as being too flowery and imaginative, he gave up his clerical views and went to London in 1725, taking with him a part of what ultimately became his poem of _Winter_. By the influence of his friend Mallet he became tutor to Lord Binning, _s._ of the Earl of Haddington, and was introduced to Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and others. _Winter_ was _pub._ in 1726, and was followed by _Summer_ (1727), _Spring_ (1728), and _Autumn_ (1730), when the whole were brought together as _The Seasons_. Previous to 1730 he had produced one or two minor poems and the tragedy of _Sophonisba_, which, after promising some success, was killed by the unfortunate line, "Oh!

Sophonisba, Sophonisba, oh!" being parodied as "Oh! Jemmy Thomson, Jemmy Thomson, oh!" In 1731 T. accompanied Charles Talbot, _s._ of the Lord Chancellor, to the Continent, as tutor, and on his return received the sinecure Secretarys.h.i.+p of Briefs which, however, he lost in 1737, through omitting to apply for its continuance to Talbot's successor. He then returned to the drama and produced _Agamemnon_ in 1738, and _Edward and Eleanora_ in 1739. The same year he received from the Prince of Wales a pension of 100, and was made Surveyor-General of the Leeward Islands which, after providing for a deputy to discharge the duties, left him 300 a year. He was now in comfortable circ.u.mstances and settled in a villa near Richmond, where he amused himself with gardening and seeing his friends. In conjunction with Mallet he wrote, in 1740, the masque of _Alfred_, in which appeared _Rule Britannia_, which M. afterwards claimed, or allowed to be claimed, for him, but which there is every reason to believe was contributed by T. In 1745 appeared _Tancred and Sigismunda_, the most successful of his dramas, and in 1748 _Coriola.n.u.s_.

In May of the latter year he _pub._ _The Castle of Indolence_, an allegorical poem in the Spenserian stanza, generally considered to be his masterpiece. In August following he caught a chill which developed into a fever, and carried him off in his 48th year. Though T. was undoubtedly a poet by nature, his art was developed by constant and fastidious polis.h.i.+ng. To _The Seasons_, originally containing about 4000 lines, he added about 1400 in his various revisions. He was the first to give the description of nature the leading place, and in his treatment of his theme he showed much judgment in the selection of the details to be dwelt upon. His blank verse, though not equal to that of a few other English poets, is musical and wielded in a manner suitable to his subject. In all his poems he displays the genial temper and kindly sympathies by which he was characterised as a man. He was never _m._, and lived an easy, indolent life, beloved by his many friends. (_See also_ Lyttelton, Lord)

THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882).--Poet, _b._ at Port Glasgow and brought up in the Royal Caledonian Asylum, was for some years an army teacher, but was dismissed for a breach of discipline. He became a.s.sociated with Charles Bradlaugh, the free-thought protagonist, who introduced him to the conductors of various secularist publications. His best known poem is _The City of Dreadful Night_, deeply pessimistic. Others are _Vane's Story_ and _Weddah and Omel-Bonain_. His views resulted in depression, which led to dipsomania, and he _d._ in poverty and misery. His work has a certain gloomy power which renders it distinctly noteworthy.

Th.o.r.eAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862).--Essayist, poet, and naturalist, was _b._ at Concord, Ma.s.sachusetts. His _f._, of French extraction, from Jersey, was a manufacturer of lead-pencils. He was _ed._ at Harvard, where he became a good cla.s.sical scholar. Subsequently he was a competent Orientalist, and was deeply versed in the history and manners of the Red Indians. No form of regular remunerative employment commending itself to him, he spent the 10 years after leaving coll. in the study of books and nature, for the latter of which he had exceptional qualifications in the acuteness of his senses and his powers of observation. Though not a misanthropist, he appears in general to have preferred solitary communion with nature to human society. "The man I meet," he said, "is seldom so instructive as the silence which he breaks;" and he described himself as "a mystic, a transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher." He made such money as his extremely simple mode of life called for, by building boats or fences, agricultural or garden work, and surveying, anything almost of an outdoor character which did not involve lengthened engagement. In 1837 he began his diaries, records of observation with which in ten years he filled 30 vols. In 1839 he made the excursion the record of which he in 1845 _pub._ as _A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers_. Two years later, in 1841, he began a residence in the household of Emerson, which lasted for two years, when he a.s.sisted in conducting the _Dial_, and in 1845, after some teaching in New York, he retired to a hut near the solitary Walden Pond to write his _Week on the Concord_, etc. Later works were _Walden_ (1854), and _The Maine Woods_ (1864), and _Cape Cod_ (1865), accounts of excursions and observations, both _pub._ after his death. T. was an enthusiast in the anti-slavery cause, the triumph of which, however, he did not live to see, as he _d._ on May 6, 1862, when the war was still in its earlier stages. The deliberate aim of T. was to live a life as nearly approaching naturalness as possible; and to this end he pa.s.sed his time largely in solitude and in the open air. As he says, "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach." To his great powers of observation he added great powers of reflection, and two of the most characteristic features of his writings are immediateness and individuality in his descriptions of nature, and a remarkable power of giving permanent and clear form to the most subtle and evanescent mental impressions.

TICKELL, THOMAS (1686-1740).--Poet, _b._ at Bridekirk Vicarage, c.u.mberland, and _ed._ at Oxf. became the friend of Joseph Addison (_q.v._), contributed to the _Spectator_ and _Guardian_, and accompanied him when he went to Ireland as sec. to the Lord Lieutenant. His translation of the first book of the _Iliad_ came out at the same time as Pope's, and led to a quarrel between the latter and Addison, Pope imagining that the publication was a plot to interfere with the success of his work. On Addison becoming Sec. of State in 1717 he appointed T.

Under-Sec. Among the writings of T. are the well-known ballad, _Colin and Lucy_, _Kensington Gardens_, a poem, and an _Elegy_ on the death of Addison, of which Macaulay says that it "would do honour to the greatest name in our literature." In 1725 he became sec. to the Lords Justices of Ireland, and retained the post until his death.

TICKNOR, GEORGE (1791-1871).--Historian and biographer, _s._ of a rich man, was _b._ at Boston, Ma.s.s., and _ed._ for the law. He, however, gave himself to study and writing, and also travelled much. After being a Prof. at Harvard, 1819-35, he went in the latter year to Europe, where he spent some years collecting materials for his _magnum opus_, _The History of Spanish Literature_ (1849). He also wrote Lives of Lafayette and Prescott, the historian. His _Letters and Journals_ were _pub._ in 1876, and are the most interesting of his writings.

TIGHE, MARY (BLACKFORD) (1772-1810).--Poet, _dau._ of a clergyman, made an unhappy marriage, though she had beauty and amiable manners, and was highly popular in society. She wrote a good deal of verse; but her chief poem was a translation in Spenserian stanza of the tale of _Cupid and Psyche_, which won the admiration of such men as Sir J. Mackintosh, Moore, and Keats.

TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694).--Divine, _s._ of a Presbyterian clothier, was _b._ near Halifax, and _ed._ at Camb., where his originally Puritan views became somewhat modified. At the Savoy Conference in 1661 he was still a Presbyterian, but submitted to the Act of Uniformity, and became next year Rector of Keddington, and in 1664 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, where he became very popular. In 1672 he was made Dean of Canterbury. He vainly endeavoured to secure the comprehension of the Nonconformists in the Church. After the Revolution he gained the favour of William III., who made him Clerk of the Closet, and Dean of St. Paul's, and in 1691 he succeeded Sancroft as Archbishop of Canterbury. His sermons, which had extraordinary popularity, give him a place in literature, and he was one of those writers who, by greater simplicity and greater attention to clearness of construction, helped to introduce the modern style of composition.

TIMROD, HENRY (1829-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Charleston, S. Carolina, of German descent, was ruined by the Civil War, and _d._ in poverty. He wrote one vol. of poems, _pub._ 1860, which attained wide popularity in the South. He had notable descriptive power.

TOBIN, JOHN (1770-1804).--Dramatist, was for long unsuccessful, but in the year of his death made a hit with _The Honey Moon_, which had great success, and maintained its place for many years. Other plays were _The Curfew_ and _The School for Authors_.

TOLAND, JOHN (1670?-1722).--Deistical writer, _b._ in Ireland of Roman Catholic parentage, completed his education at Glasgow, Edin., and Leyden. Very early in life he had become a Protestant, and at Leyden he studied theology with the view of becoming a Nonconformist minister, but imbibed Rationalistic views. He then resided for some time at Oxf., and in 1696 _pub._ his first work, _Christianity not Mysterious_, which was censured by Convocation and gave rise to much controversy. Next year he returned to Ireland, where, however, he was not more popular than in England, and where his book was burned by the common hangman. Returning to England he took to writing political pamphlets, including one, _Anglia Libera_, in support of the Brunswick succession, which gained him some favour at Hanover, and he was sent on some political business to the German Courts. He then served Harley in Holland and Germany practically as a political spy. His later years were pa.s.sed in literary drudgery and poverty. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned _Account of Prussia and Hanover_, _Origines Judaicae_, _History of the Druids_, and a Life of Milton prefixed to an ed. of his prose works.

TOOKE, JOHN HORNE (1736-1812).--Philologist, _s._ of a poulterer called Horne, added the name of Tooke in 1782 in antic.i.p.ation of inheriting from his friend W. Tooke, of Purley. He was at Camb. and took orders, but disliking the clerical profession, travelled abroad. Returning he became prominent as a radical politician, and espoused the cause of Wilkes, with whom, however, he afterwards quarrelled. He also supported the revolted American colonists, and was fined and imprisoned for endeavouring to raise a subscription for them. An effort to be admitted to the Bar was unsuccessful; and in 1786 he published his _Diversions of Purley_, a work on philology which brought him great reputation, and which, containing muck that has been proved to be erroneous, showed great learning and acuteness. T. twice endeavoured unsuccessfully to enter Parliament for Westminster, but ultimately sat for the rotten burgh of Old Sarum, making, however, no mark in the House. He was the author of numerous effective political pamphlets.

TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE (1740-1778).--Hymn-writer, _s._ of an officer in the army, was _b._ at Farnham, _ed._ at Westminster and Trinity Coll., Dublin, after which he took orders and became inc.u.mbent of Broad Hembury.

He was a strong Calvinist and entered into a bitter controversy with Wesley. His controversial works are forgotten; but he will always be remembered as the author of "Rock of Ages," perhaps the most widely known of English hymns.

TOURNEUR, or TURNER, CYRIL (1575?-1626).--Dramatist, perhaps _s._ of Richard T., Lieutenant of the Brill, served in the Low Countries, and was sec. to Sir Edward Cecil in his unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz, returning from which he was disembarked with the sick at Kinsale, where he _d._ He wrote two dramas, _The Revenger's Tragedy_ (_pr._ 1607), and _The Atheist's Tragedy_ (_pr._ 1611), in both of which, especially the former, every kind of guilt and horror is piled up, the author displaying, however, great intensity of tragic power. Of _The Revenger_ Lamb said that it made his ears tingle. Another play of his, _Transformed Metamorphosis_, was discovered in 1872.

TRAHERNE, THOMAS (1636?-1674).--Poet and theological writer, _s._ of a shoemaker at Hereford where, or at Ledbury, he was probably _b._ Very few facts concerning him have been preserved, and indeed his very existence had been forgotten until some of his MS. were discovered on a bookstall in 1896, without, however, anything to identify the author. Their discoverer, Mr. W.T. Brooke, was inclined to attribute them to Henry Vaughan (_q.v._), in which he was supported by Dr. Grosart (_q.v._), and the latter was about to bring out a new ed. of Vaughan's poems in which they were to be included. This was, however, prevented by his death. The credit of identification is due to Mr. Bertram Dobell, who had become the possessor of another vol. of MS., and who rejecting, after due consideration, the claims of Vaughan, followed up the very slender clues available until he had established the authors.h.i.+p of Traherne. All the facts that his diligent investigations were successful in collecting were that T. was "entered as a commoner at Brasenose Coll., Oxf., in 1652, took one degree in arts, left the house for a time, entered into the sacred function, and in 1661 was actually created M.A. About that time he became Rector of Crednell, near Hereford ... and in 1669 Bachelor of Divinity;" and that after remaining there for over 9 years he was appointed private chaplain to the Lord Keeper, Sir Orlando Bridgeman, who on his retirement from office retained him as a member of his household at Teddington until his death in 1674, T. himself dying three months later. T. also appears to have been inc.u.mbent of Teddington, or perhaps more probably, curate to a pluralist inc.u.mbent. The complete oblivion into which T. had fallen is the more remarkable when the quality of his poetry, which places him on a level with Herbert, Vaughan, and Crashaw, is considered; and that he appears in his own day to have had some reputation as a scholar and controversialist. His _Roman Forgeries_ (1673) achieved some note. His next work, _Christian Ethics_, which was not _pub._ until after his death, appears to have fallen dead, and is extremely rare: it is described by Mr. Dobell as "full of eloquence, persuasiveness, sagacity, and piety." _Centuries of Meditations_ consists of short reflections on religious and moral subjects, etc. The _Poems_ const.i.tute his main claim to remembrance and, as already stated, are of a high order. With occasional roughness of metre they display powerful imagination, a deep and rich vein of original thought, and true poetic force and fire. It has been pointed out that in some of them the author antic.i.p.ates the essential doctrines of the Berkeleian philosophy, and in them is also revealed a personality of rare purity and fascination.

TRELAWNY, EDWARD JOHN (1792-1881).--Biographer, entered the navy, from which, however, he deserted, after which he wandered about in the East and on the Continent. In Switzerland he met Byron and Sh.e.l.ley, and was living in close friends.h.i.+p with the latter when he was drowned, and was one of the witnesses at the cremation of his remains. He took part in the Greek war of independence, and _m._ the sister of one of the insurgent chiefs. After various adventures in America he settled in London, where he was a distinguished figure in society, and enjoyed the reputation of a picturesque, but somewhat imaginative, conversationalist. He wrote _The Adventures of a Younger Son_ (1831), a work of striking distinction, and the intensely interesting _Records of Sh.e.l.ley, Byron, and the Author_ (1858). The last survivor of that brilliant group, he was buried by the side of Sh.e.l.ley.

TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886).--Poet and theologian, _b._ in Dublin, and _ed._ at Harrow and Camb., took orders, and after serving various country parishes, became in 1847 Prof. of Theology in King's Coll., London, in 1856 Dean of Westminster, and in 1864 Archbishop of Dublin. As Primate of the Irish Church at its disestablishment, he rendered valuable service at that time of trial. In theology his best known works are his _Hulsean Lectures_, _Notes on the Parables_, and _Notes on the Miracles_. His philological writings, _English Past and Present_ and _Select Glossary of English Words_ are extremely interesting and suggestive, though now to some extent superseded. His _Sacred Latin Poetry_ is a valuable collection of mediaeval Church hymns. He also wrote sonnets, elegies, and lyrics, in the first of which he was specially successful, besides longer poems, _Justin Martyr_ and _Sabbation_.

TREVISA, JOHN of (1326-1412).--Translator, a Cornishman, _ed._ at Oxf., was Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucesters.h.i.+re, and chaplain to the 4th Lord Berkeley, and Canon of Westbury. He translated for his patron the _Polychronicon_ of Ranulf Higden, adding remarks of his own, and prefacing it with a _Dialogue on Translation between a Lord and a Clerk_.

He likewise made various other translations.

TROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815-1882).--Novelist, _s._ of Thomas Anthony T., a barrister who ruined himself by speculation, and of Frances T. (_q.v._), a well-known writer, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Harrow and Winchester. His childhood was an unhappy one, owing to his father's misfortunes. After a short time in Belgium he obtained an appointment in the Post Office, in which he rose to a responsible position. His first three novels had little success; but in 1855 he found his line, and in _The Warden_ produced the first of his Ba.r.s.ets.h.i.+re series. It was followed by _Barchester Towers_ (1857), _Doctor Thorne_ (1858), _Framley Parsonage_ (1861), _The Small House at Allington_ (1864), and _The Last Chronicle of Ba.r.s.et_ (1867), which deal with the society of a small cathedral city. Other novels are _Orley Farm_, _Can you forgive Her?_, _Ralph the Heir_, _The Claverings_, _Phineas Finn_, _He knew he was Right_, and _The Golden Lion of Grandpre_. In all he wrote about 50 novels, besides books about the West Indies, North America, Australia, and South Africa, a translation of _Caesar_, and monographs on Cicero and Thackeray. His novels are light of touch, pleasant, amusing, and thoroughly healthy. They make no attempt to sound the depths of character or either to propound or solve problems. Outside of fiction his work was generally superficial and unsatisfactory. But he had the merit of providing a whole generation with wholesome amus.e.m.e.nt, and enjoyed a great deal of popularity. He is said to have received 70,000 for his writings.

TROLLOPE, MRS. FRANCES (MILTON) (1780-1863).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Stapleton near Bristol, _m._ in 1809 Thomas A.T., a barrister, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went with her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to support herself were unsuccessful. On her return to England, however, she brought herself into notice by publis.h.i.+ng _Domestic Manners of the Americans_ (1832), in which she gave a very unfavourable and grossly exaggerated account of the subject; and a novel, _The Refugee in America_, pursued it on similar lines. Next came _The Abbess_ and _Belgium and Western Germany_, and other works of the same kind on _Paris and the Parisians_, and _Vienna and the Austrians_ followed. Thereafter she continued to pour forth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100 vols. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharp and caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of her life at Florence, where she _d._ in 1863. Her third _s._ was Anthony T., the well-known novelist (_q.v._). Her eldest _s._, Thomas Adolphus, wrote _The Girlhood of Catherine de Medici_, a _History of Florence_, and _Life of Pius IX._, and some novels.

TRUMBULL, JOHN (1750-1831).--Poet, _b._ at Waterbury, Conn., was a lawyer, and became a judge. He wrote much verse, his princ.i.p.al productions being _The Progress of Dulness_ (1772) and _McFingal_ (1782), written in support of the Revolution in imitation of _Hudibras_.

TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774).--Philosophic writer, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Oxf., was a country gentleman, who devoted himself to the study of philosophy, and wrote under the name of Edward Search, a work in 7 vols., _The Light of Nature Followed_ (1768-78). It is rather a miscellany than a systematic treatise, but contains much original and acute thinking.

TUCKER, GEORGE (1775-1861).--Economist, etc., _b._ in Bermuda, became Prof., of Moral Philosophy, etc., in the Univ. of Virginia. He wrote a _Life of Jefferson_, _Political History of the United States_, _Essays Moral and Philosophical_, _The Valley of the Shenandoah_, a novel, _A Voyage to the Moon_ (satire), and various works on economics.

TUCKER, NATHANIEL BEVERLY (1784-1851).--_B._ in Virginia, became a Prof., of Law in William and Mary Coll. He wrote a novel, _The Partisan Leader_ (1836), a prophecy of the future disunion which led to the Civil War. It was _re-pub._ in 1861 as _A Key to the Southern Conspiracy_. Another novel was _George Balcombe_.

TUCKERMAN, HENRY THEODORE (1813-1871).--Essayist, etc., _b._ in Boston, Ma.s.s. He was a sympathetic and delicate critic, with a graceful style. He lived much in Italy, which influenced his choice of subjects in his earlier writings. These include _The Italian Sketch-book_, _Isabel, or Sicily_, _Thoughts on the Poets_, _The Book of the Artists_, _Leaves from the Diary of a Dreamer_, etc.

TULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886).--Theologian and historical writer, _b._ at Bridge of Earn, Perths.h.i.+re, studied at St. Andrews and Edin. He was ordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland at Dundee, whence he was translated to Kettins, Forfars.h.i.+re, and became in 1854 Princ.i.p.al and Prof. of Theology in St. Mary's Coll., St. Andrews. He was a leader of the liberal party in the Church of Scotland, and wrote _Literary and Intellectual Revival of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century_ (1883), _Movements of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century_ (1884-85), _Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century_, and a book on Pascal, etc.

TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR (1810-1889).--Versifier, _s._ of a surgeon, was _b._ in London, _ed._ at Charterhouse School and Oxf., and called to the Bar in 1835. He, however, believed that literature was his vocation, and wrote many works in prose and verse, only one of which, _Proverbial Philosophy_, had much success. But the vogue which it had was enormous, especially in America. It is a singular collection of commonplace observations set forth in a form which bears the appearance of verse, but has neither rhyme nor metre, and has long since found its deserved level.