Modern Machine-Shop Practice Part 130

=Line Shafting= 187 to 190 Sizes of 187 Cold rolled shafting 187 Distance between bearings of line shafting 187 Tests of hot rolled and cold rolled shafting 188 Collars for shafting 189 Diameters of line shafting 189 The strength of line shafting 190 Speeds for shafting 190 =Counter Shafts= 191 =Friction Clutches= 192 =Shafting Hangers= 193 Various forms of 193 Open-sided 193 Wall hangers 194 =Pillow Blocks= for shafting 194 =Couplings= 194 to 199 For line shafts 194 With split sleeves 195 Errors in 196 Self-adjusting 196 Plate 196 Clamp 197, 198 For light shafting 199 Universal 199

CHAPTER x.x.xI.

=PULLEYS.=

=Cla.s.sification= 200, 201 Wood pulleys 200 Solid and split pulleys 200 Expansion pulleys 200 Self-oiling pulleys 200 Crowned pulleys 201 =Fastening= pulleys to their shafts 201 =Balancing= pulleys 202 =The Transmitting Power= of pulleys 204 Size of pulleys for countershafts 205 =Calculating the Speeds= of pulleys 206

CHAPTER x.x.xII.

=LEATHER BELTING.=

=Hides= 207, 208 The parts of a hide used for belting 207 The thickness and stretch of the parts of a hide 207 Experiments on the strength of the parts of a hide 208 =Single and double= belts 208 =Grain Side of Leather= 208 Weakness of the 208 Why the grain side should go next to a pulley 208 =Belts= 209 to 217 The length of 209 Belt clamp 210 The sag of belts 210 Belt connection at an angle 211 Guide pulleys for belts 211 The tension and creep of belts 212 Methods of joining the ends of belts 213 Forms of belt lacings 214 Covers for belt lacings 215 Lap joints for belts 215 Joining thin belts 215 Bevelled joints for belts 215 Pegged belts 215 Belt hooks and belt screws 216 Angular or V-belts 217 The line of motion of belts 217 Changing or s.h.i.+pping belts 217 Automatic belt replacer 218 Pull of a belt 218 The Sellers experiments on transmission of power 218 to 225 Belt 5-1/2" wide by 7/32" thick 219 Belt 2-1/4" wide by 5/16" thick 219 Rawhide belt 4" by 9/32" 220 Double oak tanned belt 4" by 5/16" 220, 221 Oak tanned belt 2" by 3/16" 222 Coefficient of friction and velocity of slip 222 Torsional moment 223 Increase of tensions 224

CHAPTER x.x.xIII.

=FORGING.=

=Testing Iron= by bending it 226 Testing machines 227, 228 =Tools for Blacksmiths= 228 to 232 Forges 228, 229 Chisels, &c. 230 Anvils 230 Swages 230, 231 Spring swages 231 Swage blocks 232 =Swaging= 232, 233 =Examples in Welding= 233, 235 Iron 233, 234 Steel to iron 234 Best method of 234, 237 =Examples in Forging= 238 to 252 Device for bolt forging 238 Forging turn buckles 239 Methods of bending iron 240 Device for bending iron 240, 241 Forging steel forks 241 Forging under the hammer 242, 243 Forging rope sockets 243, 244 Forging wrought iron wheels for locomotives 244, 245 Forging rudder frames 245, 246 Welding sc.r.a.p iron for large shafts 247 Construction of furnace for heating sc.r.a.p 247 Forging crank shafts 248, 249 Forging large crank shafts 249, 252 Forging machines 252 to 263 Foot-power hammer or Oliver 252, 253 Standish's foot-power hammer 252, 253 Power hammers and steam hammers 252, 253 Bradley's cus.h.i.+oned hammer 252, 253 Corr's power hammer 254, 255 Kingsley's trip hammer 255 The drop hammer 255, 256 Steam hammers 257, 258 Double frame steam hammer 258 Double frame steam drop hammer 258 Double frame steam drop hammer for locomotive and car axles and truck bars 259 The Edgemore Iron Works' hydraulic forging press 260 Dies for forging eye bars 260 Nail forging machine 260 Rolls for forming knife blades 261 Machine for forging threads on rods 261, 262 Finis.h.i.+ng machine for horseshoes 262, 263 Circular saw for cutting hot iron 263

CHAPTER x.x.xIV.

=WOOD WORKING.=

=Pattern Making= 264, 267 Choice and preservation of wood for 264 =Bending Timber= 265, 266 The bending block 265, 266 Steaming wood for bending 266, 267 =Wood Working Tools= 267 to 274 Planes for pattern making 267 Compa.s.s planes 268 Stanley's iron frame block plane 269 Stanley's bull-nose rabbet plane 269 Bailey's patent adjustable planes 269 The combination plane 269, 270 The beading bit 270, 271 Tool for cutting material into parallel slips 271 The chisel and chisel handles 271 Firmer and paring chisels and gouges 272 Rip saws 272, 273 Cross cut saw 273 Common gauges for marking off work 274 Mortise gauge 274 Cutting gauge 274 =Wood Joints= 274, 275 Mortise joint 274 Tenon joint 274 Dovetail joint 275 Mitre joint 275 Half check joint 275 =Examples of Pattern Making= 275 to 285 Patterns for piston gland 275 Construction of piston gland pattern 276, 277 Rapping small cast gears 277 Casting pillow block 277 Pattern for pillow block 277 Pulley pattern 278, 279 Building up segments for patterns 278, 279 Getting out arms for pulleys 280 Making pipe patterns 280, 281 Globe valve pattern 281, 282 Angle valve pattern 283, 284 Branch pipes 284 to 286

CHAPTER x.x.xV.

=WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.=

=Cla.s.sification= 287 =Circular Saws= 287 to 305 Gauges for circular saws 287 Table of diameters 287 Thickness 287 Size of mandrel hole 287 s.h.i.+ngle saw 287, 288 Concave saw 287, 288 Stretching of circular saws by heat 288 The tension of circular saws 288 Causes of alteration of tension and method of discovering the same 288 Truth of circular saws 288 Various effects of circular saws heating 288 Truing circular saws 288 Sharpening the teeth of circular saws 289, 290 The gumming, gulleting or chamfering machine 290 Inserted teeth of saws 290 Chisel teeth saws 290, 291 Inserting teeth in circular saws 290, 291 Swing frame saws 290, 292 Fence for swing frame saws 293 Examples of work done on swing frame machine 293 Swing machine with fixed table 294 Double saw machine 294, 295 Gauges for sawing machine 294 Method of employing the mitre gauge 294 Cropping and gauging gauge 296 Bevel or mitre sawing machines 296, 298 Roll feed circular saw machine 298, 300 Segmental circular saws 300 Fastening saw segments to their disks 301 Gang edging machines 301 Rack feed saw bench 301 Construction of the feed motion 301 to 304 Fibrous packing for circular saw 305 =Tubular Saw Machine= 305 =Cross Cutting or Gaining Machine= 305, 306 =Scroll Sawing Machine= 306 Construction of various scroll sawing machines 306, 307 =Band Sawing Machine= 308 to 312 Various kinds of teeth for band saws 308, 309 Pitch of teeth for band saws 309 The adjustment of the saws of band saw machines 309, 310 Filing the teeth of band saw machines 309 Re-sawing band saw machine 309, 310 To regulate the tension of band saws 310, 311 Construction of band saw guides 311 Various band saw machines 311, 312 =Reciprocating Cross Cutting Saw= 312 Construction of 312 =Horizontal Saw Frame Machine= 312 to 315 Construction of the saw driving mechanism 314 Construction of the feed motion 315 Construction of the saw 315 =Planing Machines= 315 to 341 Buzz planer 315 Construction of the work table 316 Construction of the cutter head 316 Skew knives 316 Roll feed wood planing machine 317 The construction of the feed rolls 317 Adjustment of the feed rolls 317 Construction of the pressure bars 317 Adjustment of the roll pressure 318 Adjustment of the work table 318 The roll driving mechanism 319 The cutter head 320 Three feed roll wood planing machine 322, 323 Pony planer 323 Construction of the feed mechanism 324 Balancing cutter heads and knives 324, 326 Farrar planing machine 326, 327 Planing and matching machine 328 Construction of the feed rolls 329 Construction of the upper cylinder 329 Construction of the lower cylinder 329 Construction of a matcher hanger 329 The timber planer 330, 331 Construction of parts of the timber planer 331 How the timber planer operates 331, 332 Panel planing and trying up machine 332, 334 Moulding machine 334 Double head panel raiser and double sticker 335, 336 Moulding cutters 336, 337 Cutter heads and circular cutters 337 The s.h.i.+mer head 337 Head for producing match board grooves 337, 338 Jointing machine 338 Knives of jointing machine 338 Speed of cutter head or disc 338 Stroke jointers 338, 339 Machine for cutting mitre joints 339 Moulding or friezing machines 339 Important points of friezing machines 339 Construction of moulding and friezing machines 340, 341 Shape of cutters for moulding and friezing machine 341 Rotary cutters for all kinds of work, and for edge moulding and friezing machine 341 to 343 =Boring Machines= 342 Fences for 342 Augers or bits for 342 Boring machines for heavy work 343 =Mortising Machines= 344 Tools used in mortising machines 344 Motion of chisel bar and auger 344 Construction of bed 344 Adjustment of carriage 344 =Tenoning Machines= 344, 345 Construction of revolving heads 344, 345 Tenoning machine for heavy work 346 =Sand-papering Machines= 346, 349 Construction of sand-papering machines 347, 348 Movements of sand-papering machine 347 Cylinder sand-papering machines 348 Self-feeding sand-papering machine 348 Sizes of machines 348 Construction of feed rolls 348 Finis.h.i.+ng and roughing cylinders 348 Brush attachment 348 Double wheel sanding machines 348, 349

CHAPTER x.x.xVI.

=STEAM BOILERS.=

=Strength of Boiler Sh.e.l.ls= 350 =Strength of Boiler Plate= 351 Explanation of pressure in steam boilers 351 =Boiler Joints or Seams= 351 to 357 Forms of rivet joints 351 Single riveted lap joint 351 Double riveted lap joint 352 Single riveted b.u.t.t joint with straps 352 Double riveted b.u.t.t joint with straps zigzag riveted 352 Triple riveted lap joint zigzag riveted 352 Lap joint with covering plate 352 Double riveted lap joint chain riveted 353 Double riveted b.u.t.t joints with double straps 353 Treble riveted b.u.t.t joint with double straps 353, 354 Rules for s.p.a.cing the rivets in boiler seams 353 Rule for finding diagonal pitch of riveted joints 353 High percentage joint 353 Rivets unevenly pitched 354 Rule for calculating the percentage strength of joint with unevenly pitched rivets 354 Strength of circ.u.mferential seams of stationary engine boilers 354, 355 Table of additions to be made to the factor of safety for various constructions of riveted joints 355 Table of diameter of rivets for single riveted lap joints 356 Rule for making rivet and plate area equal 336 Table of rivet diameter and pitch for single riveted lap joints 356 Rule for finding the pitch for double, diagonal riveted lap joints 356 Example in the use of rule for diagonal pitch of rivets 356 Rule for finding distance V where the diagonal pitch has been found 357 Comparing chain with zigzag riveted joints 357 =Interior of Boilers= 358 to 364 The internally fired flue boiler 358, 359 Boiler with Field tubes 350 Vertical water tube boiler 360 Construction of field tubes 360 Arrangement of field tubes 360 Vertical boilers with external uptakes 361 Horizontal return tubular boiler 361, 362 Construction of horizontal return tubular boiler 362, 363 Various arrangements of tubes in boilers 364 =Setting Boilers= 364, 366 Ground plan of brickwork 365 Setting full arch front boilers 365 Table of measurements for setting tubular stationary boilers with full arch front 366 Table of measurements for setting stationary boilers with half arch front 366 =The Evaporative Efficiencies of Boilers= 366 to 368 Table of the pressure, temperature and volume of steam 367 Calculating the evaporation of a boiler 368 =Care and Management of Boilers= 368 to 371 Examining safety valves 368 Water gauge gla.s.s 368 Gauge c.o.c.ks 368 Lighting boiler fires 368 The thickness of the fire for boilers 368 Managing the fire 368 Shaking grate bars 369 The slice bar 369 The hoe 369 The poker 369 The clinker hook 369 The rake 369 The quant.i.ty of water in a boiler 369 Leaving the fire for the night 369 Leaving the safety valve for the night 369 Regulating the boiler feed 369 Dirty feed water 370 Defective feed pumps 370 Scale in boilers 370 Preventing the formation of scale 370 Feed water heaters 370 Low water in boilers 370 Priming or foaming 370 The known causes of priming 370 Wastefulness of priming 370 The detection of priming 370 To prevent or stop priming 370 Surface blow off c.o.c.k or mechanical boiler cleaner 370 Blowing off a boiler 370 Blowing down a boiler 370 Was.h.i.+ng out a boiler 371 Cleaning a boiler 371 Scaling a boiler 371 Examining a boiler 371

CHAPTER x.x.xVII.

=STEAM ENGINES.=

=Engine Cylinders= 372 to 374 The bores of 372 Sizes of 372 Wear of 372 Counterbore of 372 Clearance in 372 Lubrication of 373 The c.o.c.ks of 373 Relief valves of 373 The steam ports of 373 Lagging 374 Jacketed cylinders 374 =Engine Pistons= 374 The speeds of 374 With releasing gears 374 With positive valve gears 374 The rings of 374 The follower 374 Testing the rings of 374 =Engine Piston Rods= 375 Methods of securing 375 Packing 375 Glands for 375 =Engine Cross Heads= 375 =Engine Guide Bars= 375 =Engine Connecting Rods= 375 Connecting rod keys 375 Angularity of 375 The lengths of 375 =Valves= 376 to 378 The D-valve 376 The point of cut off 376 Period of expansion of the steam 376 Point of release of the steam 376 Point of compression of the steam 376 Lead of 376 Point of admission of the steam 376 The lip 376 Exhaust lap 376 Steam lap 376 Tracing the action of 376 Double ported valves 377 The Allen valve 377 Webb's patent valve 377 Balanced valves 377 Circular valves 377 Piston valves 378 Separate cut off valves 378 Meyer's cut off valves 378 Gonzenback's cut off valve 378 =Eccentrics= 378 s.h.i.+fting eccentrics 378 The action of 378 The angular advance of 378 =Designing Slide Valves= 380 =Valve Motions= 381 Diagram for designing 381 =Link Motion= 383 In full gear forward 383 In full gear backward 383 The action of 383 Setting the valves 383 =Governors= 384 Fly ball or throttling 384 Isochronal 384 Dancing 384 Speed of 384 Spring adjustment of 384 Sawyer's valve for 384 Speeder for 384 =Starting a Slide Valve Engine= 384 Crank position in 384 =Examination of an Engine= 385, 387 Adjusting connecting rod bra.s.ses 385 Adjusting main bearing 386 Taking a lead 386 Squaring a valve 386 Heating, to avoid 386 Setting a valve 386 Leaky throttle valves 386 Freezing an engine, prevention of 386, 387 =Pumps= 387, 388 Lift and force 387 Plunger 387 Rotary 387 Single-acting 387 Double-acting 387 Displacement of 387 Principles of action of 387, 388 Speed of 388 Capacity of 388 Air chamber of 388 Belt 388

CHAPTER x.x.xVIII.

=THE LOCOMOTIVE.=

=Modern Freight Locomotive= 389, 390 General construction 389 Course of steam from boiler to smoke stack 389 Boiler feed 389 Position of parts for starting 389 Steam supply to injectors 389 Oil supply to slide valve and cylinder 389 Control of safety valve 389 Pop valve 389 Automatic air brake 390 Draught of fire 390 Sand valves 390 =American Pa.s.senger Locomotive= 390 to 393 General construction 390 Steam reversing gear 390, 391 Link motion in full gear forward 391 In mid gear 392 In full gear backward 392 Reversing gear 392 Changing gear of link motion 393 Running forward 393 Running backward 393 =Special Operations= 394 Setting the slide valves 394 Getting the length of eccentric rods 394 Setting the lead 394 Backward eccentric 394 Marking sector notches 394 Setting Allen valves 395 =Special Parts= 395 to 400 The injector 395 to 397 Westinghouse automatic air brake 398 to 400 =Locomotive Running= 400 to 404 General discussion 400 Getting the engine ready 400 Laying the fire 400 Banking the fire 401 Starting up a banked fire 401 Examining the engine 401 Oiling the engine 401 Starting the engine 401 Saving fuel 402 Methods of firing 402 Examples of trips 402 =Accidents on the Road= 402 Knocking out cylinder heads 402 Heating of piston rods 403 Throwing off a wheel tire 403 Throwing off a driving wheel 403 Breaking a spring 403 Bursted tubes 403 Slipping eccentrics 403 Hot axle boxes 403 Breaking a lifting link 403 Breaking the saddle pin 403 Adjusting the wedges of the axle boxes 404

CHAPTER x.x.xIX.

=THE MECHANICAL POWERS.=

=Power= 405 =Lever= 405 The principles of 405 Wheels and pulleys considered as levers 405, 406 Power transmitted by gear wheels and pulleys combined 407 =Horse Power= 407 Calculating the horse power of an engine 407 Testing the horse power of an engine 408 =Safety Valve Calculations= 409 =Heat= 410 Latent heat 410 =Water= 410 =Steam= 410 Saturated 410 Superheated 410 Expansion of 411 Absolute pressure of 411 Weight of 411 Volume and pressure of 411 =Heat= 411 Conversion of heat into work 411 Joule's equivalent 411 Mechanical equivalent of heat 411 Mariotte's law 411 Radiation of heat 412 Conduction of heat 412 Convection of heat 412

CHAPTER XL.

=THE INDICATOR.=

=Computations from Indicator Diagrams= 413 =Indicators= 413 Description of 413 Thompson indicator 413 Tabor indicator 413 Diagrams 414 Admission of steam to indicator 414 Expansion line or curve 414 Exhaust line 414 Back pressure line 414 Atmospheric line 414 Theoretical diagram 414 Compression line or curve 415 Condensing engine diagram 415 Vacuum line of indicator diagram 415 (Barometer, construction of) 415 (Barometer, graduation of) 416 Indicator springs 416 Tables of springs for indicators 416 Attachment of indicators to an engine 416, 417 Pantagraph motions 417 Expansion curve, testing of 417, 418 Theoretical expansion curve 417, 418 Calculations from diagrams 418 to 421 Horse power 418, 419 Area 419 Rule for calculating horse power 419 Mean effective pressure 420 Steam used in engines 420 Water consumption 420, 421 Defective diagrams of engines 421 Excessive lead of engines 421 Theoretical compression curve of engines 422

CHAPTER XLI.

=AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES.=

=Definition= 423 =Corliss Automatic Cut-off Engine= 423, 424 Valve gear of 424, 425 Governor of 425, 426 Admission of steam into 426 Lap of valve of 426, 427 =High Speed Automatic Engines= 427, 428 Speed of 427 Wheel governors for 427, 428 =Straight Line Automatic Engine= 428, 429 Important details of 429, 430 =Steam Fire Engine= 430, 431 Boilers of 430, 433 Pumps 431, 432 Heaters for 432, 433

CHAPTER XLII.

=MARINE ENGINES.=

=Various Kinds of Marine Engines= 434 to 451 High pressure engines 434 Compound condensing engines 434, 435 Triple expansion engines 436 Donkey engines 442 Trunk engines 446 Oscillating engines 446 Geared engine 446 Compound engine of the steams.h.i.+p _Poplar_ 447, 450, 451 =Arrangement of Marine Engine Pumps= 436 =Boilers of Marine Engines, Arrangement of= 436, 437 =Various Parts of Marine Engines, etc.= 438 to 449 Valve for intermediate cylinder of triple expansion engines 438 Link motions for triple expansion engines 438 Auxiliary or by-pa.s.s valve 438, 439 Oiling apparatus 439, 440 Surface condensers 440 Circulating pumps 440 The snifting valve 440 The blow-through valve 440 Air pumps 441 The air chamber 441 Feed escape or feed relief valve 441 Bilge injections for marine engines 441, 442 Surface condensing, advantages of 442 Valves of the surface condensing engine 442 Case hardening 442 Link motion for marine engines 443 The separate expansion valve 443 Friction of slide valves 443 Double beat valves 443 The siphon 443 Steam lubricators 444 Marine engine valves that are worked by hand 444 Vacuum gauge 444 Condenser, to find the total pressure in the 444 Paddle wheels 444, 445 Screw propeller 445 The thrust bearing 445 Marine engine, the princ.i.p.al parts of 445 Lagging marine engines 446 Propeller cylinders 446 Fuel required 446 Freezing of pipes 446 Failure of engine to start, causes of 446, 447 Defective vacuum, causes of 447 Heating, causes of 447 Construction of a triple expansion engine 447 to 449

CHAPTER XLIII.

=MARINE BOILERS.=

=Plates for Marine Boilers= 452 Iron 452 Steel 452 Strength of 452 =Boiler Stays= 452 Methods of securing 452 =Boiler Tubes= 452 Methods of securing 452 Causes of leaks 452 Repairing leaks 452 =The Up-take= 453 =The Receiver= 453 =The Fittings and their Uses= 453, 454 Valves 453, 454 Gauges 453, 454 c.o.c.ks 454 =Important Features and Facts= 454, 455 Boiler scale 454 The salinometer 454 Priming, the prevention of 454 Supplemental parts 454, 455 The superheater 454 The draught 455 Wasting of plates 455 Fuel, the quant.i.ty of 455 =To Relieve the Boiler in Case of Accident= 455 =Steel Marine Boiler= 456 =The "Martin" Boiler= 456 =Testing and Examining Boilers= 456 to 459 Hydraulic tests 456 Related to stays 456, 457 On new and old boilers 456, 457 Internal examinations 458 Preparation for 458 Safety valves 458 Bottom of the boiler 458 Bottom and sides of the furnace 458 Boxes and stays 458 Use of chipping hammer 458 Pit holes in the bottom of a furnace 458 Drilling through the plates 458 f.l.a.n.g.es of furnaces 458 Deposits on the necks of stays 458 Man-hole door 458 Superheater 459 Proportions for grate surface 459 Outside examination 458 Cement beds for boilers 458 Proportions for circular tubular boilers 459

CHAPTER XLIV.

=HARDENING AND TEMPERING.=

=Purposes= 460 To resist wear 460 To increase elasticity 460 To provide a cutting edge 460 =Manufacturer's Temper= 460 =Blacksmith's Temper= 460 =Color Tempering= 460 =Practical Processes= 461 to 464 The m.u.f.fle 461 Warping 461 Rapidity of reduction of temper 461 Brown and Sharpe's practice 461 Waltham Watch Co.'s practice 461 Pratt and Whitney Co.'s practice 461 Morse Twist Drill Co.'s practice 461 Outside hardening 462 Heating in fluxes 462 Monitor Sewing Machine Co.'s practice 462 Hardening saws 462 Drawing the temper 462 1. Lying in an open furnace 462 2. Stretched in a frame 462 3. Between dies 462 Stiffening saws 463 Tomlinson Carriage Spring Co.'s practice 463 Columbia Car Spring Co.'s practice 463 New Haven Clock Co.'s practice 464