Modern Machine-Shop Practice Part 144

It should be remarked that, according as the angle should be either to right or to left, one or two intermediate pieces are placed on the swing-frame, the slide of which is nearly horizontal. The speed of the driving shaft, supported by the column mentioned in introductory remarks, is 120 revolutions; that of cutter equals from 20 to 30 revolutions; that of screw of cutter head, advance from 1 to 42 revolutions, return from 7 to 66 revolutions.

CHAPTER XXV.--VICE WORK.

Vice work may be said to include all those operations performed by the machinist that are not included in the work done by machine tools. In England vice work is divided into two distinct cla.s.ses, viz., fitting and erecting. The fitter fits the work together after it has been operated upon by the lathe planer and other machine tools, and the erector receives the work from the fitter and erects it in place upon the engine or machine. Fitting requires more skill than turning, and erecting still more than fitting, but it is at the same time to be observed that the operations of the erector includes a great many of those of the fitter. In treating of the subjects of vice work and erecting, it appears to the author desirable to treat at the same time of some operations that are not usually included in those trades, because they are performed with tools similar to those used by the fitter, and may be treated equally as well in this way as in any other, while a knowledge of them cannot fail to be of great service to both the fitter and erector. Among the operations here referred to are some of the uses of the hammer; such, for example, as in straightening metal plates.

The vice used by the machinist varies both in construction and size according to the cla.s.s of work it is to hold. For ordinary work the vice may possess the conveniences of swiveling and a quick return motion, but when heavy chipping const.i.tutes a large proportion of the work to be done the legged vice is preferable.

The height of vice jaws from the floor is usually greater for very small work than for the ordinary work of the machine shop, because the work needs to be more clearly observed without compelling the operator to stoop to examine it. The gripping surfaces of vice jaws are usually made to meet a little the closest at the top, so as to grip the work close to the top and enable work cut off with a chisel to be cut clean and level with the jaws.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2083.]

The jaws of the wood-worker's vice are made then as in Fig. 2083, and reach higher above the screw than the vices used for iron work, because the work is often of considerable depth, and being light will not lie still of its own weight, as is the case with iron.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2084.]

An example of the ordinary vice of the machine shop is shown in Fig.

2084, which represents partly in section a patent swivel vice. A is the jaw in one piece with the body of the vice, and B is the movable jaw, being the one nearest to the operator. The movable jaw is allowed to slide freely through the fixed one (being pushed or pulled by hand), or is drawn upon and grips the work by operating the handle or lever H. The means of accomplis.h.i.+ng this result are as follows: As shown in the cut, B is free to be moved in or out, but if H be pulled away from the vice, the shoulder C, meeting the shoulder _n_, will move the toggle G, and this, through the medium of G', moves the tooth bar _t_, so as to engage with the teeth on the side of the movable jaw bar shown at T. As soon as the teeth _t_ meet the teeth T the two travel together, and the jaw B closes on and grips the work. But as the motion is small in amount, the jaw B should be placed so to nearly or quite touch the work before H is operated. To unloose the work, the handle H is operated in an opposite direction, and the hook M meets _m_ and pulls _t_ to the position shown.

The spring S operates upon a hook at U, to engage the teeth _t_, with the rack T, as soon as the handle H is moved in the tightening direction. The vice grips with great force, because during the tightening the toggle, G is nearly straight, and its movement less than would be the case with a screw-vice having the ordinary pitch of thread and under an equal amount of handle movement.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2085.]

In this vice the fixed jaw is made to fasten permanently to the work bench, but in others having a similar tightening mechanism the fixed jaw is so attached to the bench as to allow of being swivelled. The method of accomplis.h.i.+ng this is shown in Fig. 2085, in which S is the foot of the vice bored conical to receive a cone on the casting R, which is fastened to the bench B. W is a washer and H the double arm nut.

Loosening this nut permits of the vice being rotated upon R.

When handle H is operated to release the movable jaw it can be moved rapidly to open and receive the work, and to close upon the work, when by a second handle movement the work can be gripped, the operation being much quicker than when the movable jaw is traversed by a screw and nut.

In this vice the gripping surface of the jaws are always parallel one to the other, and attachments are employed to grip taper work as wedges.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2086.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2087.]

In Fig. 2086 is represented a patent adjustable jaw vice, which is also shown in Fig. 2087 with the adjustable jaw removed and upside down. From the construction it is apparent that the groove G, being an arc of a circle of which C is the centre, the jaw is, as it were, pivoted horizontally, and can swing so as to let the plane of the jaw surfaces conform to the plane of the work; hence a wedge can be gripped all along the length enveloped by the jaws, and not at one corner or end only.

When the pin A is inserted the jaw stands fixed parallel to the sliding jaw. The pin A engages in a ratchet in the base below it to secure the back vice jaw in position when it is set to any required angle.

A second convenience in this vice is that the whole vice can be swivelled upon the base that bolts to the bench, which is provided with a central hole and annular groove into which the base of the field jaw pivots; at B is a spring pin pa.s.sing into holes in the bench plate, so that by lifting the pin B, the whole vice can be swung or rotated upon the base or bench plate, until the pin B falls into another hole in the base plate, which is provided with eight of these holes. The movable jaw is here operated by a screw and nut.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2088.]

Fig. 2088 represents a form of leg vice for heavy work. In the ordinary forms of this cla.s.s of vice the two gripping surfaces of the jaws, only stand parallel and vertical when at one position, because the movable leg is pivoted at P; but in that shown in the figure the movable jaw is supported by the arm A, pa.s.sing through the fixed leg L, which carries a nut N. A screw S, having journal bearing in the movable leg, screws through the nut N, and is connected to the upper screw by the chain C, which pa.s.ses around a chain wheel provided on each screw, so that the movable leg moves in an upright position and the jaw faces stand parallel, no matter what the width of the work. This is a very substantial method of obtaining a desirable and important object, and greatly enhances the gripping capability of the vice. Fig. 2089 represents a sectional view of another patent vice. A is the sliding and B the fixed jaw. P is the bed plate carrying the steel rack plate H.

Attached to each side of the base of the handle is a disk. These disks are carried on the outer end of the movable jaw A, and are held in place by the friction straps T, adjusted by the screws S. On the radial face of the disk is the pin K, which, when the handle or lever is lifted or raised, depresses the end of lever J, which at its other end raises the clutch G, disengaging the same from the rack H, as shown in the engraving. The jaw A is thus free to be moved by hand, so as to have contact with the work. To tighten the vice the handle is depressed, whereon K releases J and the latter permits the toothed clutch G to engage with the teeth of H. At the same time the bar D, which is pivoted to the disks, is drawn outward. The end of the bar D, meeting the surface of the lug shown on A, acts (in conjunction with the toothed clutch H) as a toggle fulcrum from which the disks may force the movable jaw to grip the work.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2089.]

This action may be more minutely described as follows: The end _d_ of D is pivoted upon the disks, as shown; hence when the handle is depressed the effort of the end _d_ is to move to the right, but D being fixed at the other end the pressure is exerted to force the movable jaw to the left, and therefore upon the work. The amount of jaw movement due to the depression of the handle is such that if that jaw is pushed near or close to the work the handle will stand about vertical downward when the vice firmly grips the work.

For vices whose jaws cannot be swiveled horizontally to enable them to conform to taper work, attachments for the jaws are sometimes provided, these attachments having the necessary swiveling feature. So likewise for gripping pipes, and similar purposes, attachments are made having circular recesses to receive the pipes.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2090.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2091.]

To prevent the vice jaws from damaging the work surface, and also to hold some kinds of work more firmly, various forms of clamps, or coverings for the vice jaws are used. Thus Figs. 2090 and 2091 represent clamps for holding round or square pins. In the former the grooves pa.s.s entirely through the clamp jaws, so as to receive long pieces of wire, while in the latter the recesses are short, so as to form an abutment for the end of the pins, and act as a gauge in filing or cutting them off to length.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2092.]

An excellent form of pin clamp is shown in Fig. 2092, the spring bow at the bottom acting to hold the jaws open and force the faces against the vice jaws when the latter are opened. The f.l.a.n.g.es at B B rest upon the tops of the vice jaws; hence it will be seen that the clamp is not liable to fall off when the vice is opened to receive the work, which is placed either in the hole at A or that at B, as may be most desirable.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 2093.]

Fig. 2093 shows such a clamp holding a screw, the clamp jaws being forced against the screw by the vice jaw pressure, when the vice jaws are opened the spring of the bow will cause the clamp jaws to open and release the screw.

Clamps such as shown in Figs. 2090 and 2091, but without the pin holes, are also provided, being made one pair of copper and another of lead, the latter being preferable for highly finished work. As the filings are apt to imbed in the copper, and, furthermore, as the copper gradually hardens upon its surface, the copper clamps require to be annealed occasionally, which may be done by heating them to a low red heat and dipping them in water. Lead clamps will hold small work very firmly, and are absolutely essential for triangular or other finished work having sharp corners, and also for highly finished cylindrical work, which may be held in them sufficiently firmly to be clipped without suffering damage from the vice jaws. A piece of thick leather, such as sole leather, also forms a very good clamp for finished work, but to prevent its falling off the vice jaws it is necessary to cut it nearly through on the outside and at the bent corner.

The hammer in some form or other is used in almost all kinds of mechanical manipulation, and in each of these applications it a.s.sumes a form varied to suit the nature of its duty, and of the material to be operated upon. In the machine shop it is used to drive, to stretch, and to straighten.

The most skilful of these operations are those involving stretching operations, as saw and plate straightening, examples of which will be given.

In using a hammer to drive, the weight and velocity of the hammer head are the main considerations. For example, the force of a blow delivered by a hammer weighing 1 lb., and travelling 40 feet in a second, will be equal to that weighing 2 lbs, and travelling 20 feet in a second; but the mechanical effects will be different. If received on the same area of impact the effects will sink deeper into the metal with the greater velocity, and they will extend to a less radius surrounding the area of impact. Thus in driving out a key that is fast in its seat, a quick blow is more effective than a slow one, both being a.s.sumed to have at the moment of impact an equal amount of mechanical force stored up in them.

On the other hand, for riveting the reverse will be the case. In the stretching processes the hammer requires to fall with as dead a blow as possible. Thus the hammer handle is, for saw stretching, placed at such an angle to the length of the hammer that the latter stands about vertical when the blow is delivered. In straightening, the blow is varied to accommodate the nature of the work; thus a short crook or bend would be best straightened by a quick blow with a light hammer, and a long one by a slower blow with a heavier hammer, which would cause the effects of the blow to affect a greater radius around the part receiving the impact.

As an example of the difference in mechanical effect between a number of blows aggregating a given amount of energy and a single blow having an equal amount of energy, suppose the case of a key requiring a given amount of power to start it from its seat, and every blow delivered upon it with insufficient force to loosen its hold simply tends to swell and rivet it more firmly in the keyway.

Probably the most expert use of the hammer is required in the straightening of engravers' plates, as bank-note plates; and next to this comes the ornamental repousse work of the manufacturing jeweller.

The most expert hammer process of the machine shop is that of straightening rifle barrels and straightening saws and sheet metal plates.

In straightening rifle barrels, the operator is guided as to the straightness as follows: A black line is drawn across a piece of gla.s.s elevated to the light, and the straightener looks through the bore at this line, which throws a dark line of shadow along the rifle bore. If this line appears straight while the barrel is rotated the bore is straight; but if the line waves the barrel requires straightening, the judgment of the operator being relied upon to determine the amount of the error, its location, and the force and nature of the blow necessary to rectify it.

The following information on the duration of a blow is taken from _Engineering_, the results having been obtained from some experiments by Mr. Robert Sabine. These experiments, which were intended as preliminary to a more extended inquiry, were made with a view to find approximately how the duration of a blow varied with the weight of the hammer, its velocity of descent, and with the materials. An iron ball weighing 1/4 lb. was suspended by a fine wire from an insulated support upon the ceiling; so that when it hung vertically it just grazed the vertical face of an ordinary blacksmith's anvil placed upon its side on a table.

By raising the ball and letting it swing against the face of the anvil a blow of varying force could be struck. On rebounding, the ball was arrested whilst the excursion of the galvanometer needle was observed.

By measuring the angle through which the ball was separated, its vertical fall and final velocity could be easily deduced. In this way the greatest vertical height from which the iron ball was let fall on to the face of the iron anvil was 4 ft., the least about 1/80 inch. Six readings were taken for each height, and they were invariably found to agree amongst each other. The averages only are given in the following records:

Vertical fall Duration of contact in inches. in seconds.

48 0.00008 36 0.00008 28 0.00008 17 0.00009 9-1/4 0.00010 4 0.00011 1 0.00013 0-1/4 0.00016 0-1/16 0.00018 0-1/32 0.00021 0-1/80 0.00030

From this it would appear that when the velocity of a blow is increased, the duration is decreased within a certain limit; but that it reaches a minimum. The velocity of impact in the first experiment was about sixty times as great as in the last one; but the duration of the blow appears to be reduced only to about one-fourth of the time. The blows given by two hammers of different weights were compared. No. 1 weighed 4 ozs., No. 2 weighed only 2-1/4 ozs. The durations of the blows were as follows:

+----------------+---------------------------+ | | Duration of contact. | | Vertical fall. +-------------+-------------+ | | Ball No. 1. | Ball No. 2. | +----------------+-------------+-------------+ | inch. | seconds. | seconds. | | 1 | 0.000135 | 0.000098 | | 4 | 0.000096 | 0.000083 | +----------------+-------------+-------------+

It appears from this that a heavier hammer of the same material gives a longer duration of blow.

In the course of these experiments it was observed that the ball after striking the anvil rebounded irregularly, sometimes to a greater, at others to a less height, and that some relation appeared to exist between the heights to which the ball rebounded and the excursions of the galvanometer needle due to the residue of the charge.