Modern Machine-Shop Practice Part 236

This speeder consists of a spiral spring whose tension may be adjusted to more or less resist the rise of the governor b.a.l.l.s, and thus enable the engine to run at a greater speed for a given amount of rise of the governor b.a.l.l.s, hence by increasing the tension the engine speed is increased.

THE SPRING ADJUSTMENT.

The adjustment of the spring tension is made by a worm actuating a worm wheel on a rod pa.s.sing through the spring, and to which one end of the spring is attached, the other acting on an arm that projects into a slot in the governor spindle. It is obvious that the speeder can be adjusted while the engine is running.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3319.]

In Fig. 3319 the governor is shown with the speeder and Sawyer's valve, the latter enabling the governor valve to be opened or closed without affecting the rise and fall of the governor b.a.l.l.s, which is done by operating the arm shown on the right, whose ends are provided with loops, so that a cord may be attached, enabling the engineer to operate the governor from a distance.

The safety stop or stop motion is shown on the right, Fig. 3320.

It acts to close the governor valve and stop the engine in case the belt that drives the governor should get off the pulley or break. This stop motion consists of a pulley suspended by a rod, and riding on the belt which supports its weight. Should the governor belt break, this pulley falls and severs the connection between the valve and the governor, closing the valve, and holding it closed. Fig. 3321 shows the governor in section to expose the construction of the valve. The valve V is what is termed a poppet or poppet valve, which is balanced, because the steam entering at I, and taking the course denoted by the arrows, acts equally on both ends of the valve and does not press it in either direction, while as the steam surrounds the valve it is not pressed sideways.

At B is a gland or stuffing box to keep the spindle or rod steam-tight.

At A is the slot for receiving the arm from the speeder and from the stop motion.

P is obviously the driving pulley, imparting motion to the bevel wheels G, which drive the outer spindle S, the inner spindle _s'_ being connected to A. The b.a.l.l.s are upon ribbon springs D, which are secured at their lower ends to a link fast to the spindle S.

The centrifugal force generated by the b.a.l.l.s causes them to move outwards, their upper ends pulling down the cap to which they are secured, and this cap operates the valve.

Governors of this cla.s.s are sometimes termed _fly-ball_ governors.

STARTING A PLAIN SLIDE-VALVE ENGINE.

The method to be pursued before starting a plain slide-valve engine depends upon what the engineer knows about the condition of the engine.

If he knows the engine is in proper running order, all that is necessary is to first attend to the oil cups and start them feeding.

Then, if it is necessary, move the crank into the required position to start it easily; open the waste water c.o.c.ks to relieve the cylinder of the water that will be condensed from the steam when it enters a cool cylinder, and turn on the steam; giving the throttle valve enough opening to start the engine slowly.

The best position for the crank pin to be in to enable its starting easily is midway between the horizontal and vertical position (or, in other words, at an angle of 45 to the line of centres) and inclining toward the cylinder, so that when the engine moves the piston will travel toward the crank shaft.

There are two reasons why this is the best position for starting. The first applies to all engines because there is a greater piston area for the steam to act on when the piston is moving toward the crank than there is when it is moving away from it. This occurs because the piston rod excludes the steam from a part of the face of the piston. The second applies to all plain slide-valve engines whose slide valves have equal laps and both steam ports of equal widths, because the live steam follows further on the stroke when the piston is moving toward the crank than it does when it is moving away from it, and it follows that more piston power is developed, and the engine is less likely to stop when pa.s.sing the dead centre.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3320.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 3321.]

When first taking charge of an engine, it is proper, before starting it, to ascertain that it is in fair working order.

A complete examination of an engine should include a test of the fit of the piston to the cylinder bore, of the cross head to the guide bars, of the connecting rod bra.s.ses to the crank pin and cross head journals, and of the crank shaft to its bearings. It would also include a testing of the alignment of the crank shaft and of the guide bars, as well as the set of the valves and the adjustment of the governor.

The least examination permissible with a due regard to safety would be to move the engine throughout at least one full revolution by hand, and to see that the connecting rod bra.s.ses and the main bearings do not fit too tight to their respective journals, and to then start the engine slowly by giving it only enough steam to move it, keeping the hand on the throttle valve so as to be able to shut off steam instantly should it become necessary.

A thorough examination should be made in the following order:

First, slightly loosen the nuts on the crank shaft bearings and also the connecting rod keys.

Then move the fly wheel around until the crank points straight to the cylinder, which will bring the piston up to the outer end of the cylinder bore.

Take off the cylinder cover and also the follower from the piston head, and see that the piston rings are set out to fit the cylinder bore but not to bind it tight. Then bolt the follower up firmly in place again.

Take off the connecting rod and move the piston until it touches the cylinder cover at the other or crank end of the cylinder, and then draw a line across the side face of the cross head guide and on the guide itself.

Put on the cylinder cover and push the piston back until it abuts against it, and then make another line on the cross head guide and the guide bar, and these two lines will show the extreme positions to which the piston can be moved when the connecting rod is disconnected.

Next put on the connecting rod, carefully adjust the keys or wedges, so that the bores of the bra.s.ses fit easily to the crank pin and cross head pin, seeing that the oil holes are clear, and that oil will feed properly to the journals.

In making this adjustment it is a good plan, if there is any end play of the bra.s.ses on the crank pin, to set up the key or wedge until the rod can just be moved by hand on the pin, by first pulling the rod to one end of the pin, and then pus.h.i.+ng it to the other.

In putting on the rod, it will be necessary to move the piston a trifle towards the crank.

In making the adjustment of the crank pin fit to the rod bra.s.ses, it is a good plan to drive the key home until the bra.s.ses are known to bind the crank pin, and then mark a line across the side face of the key and fair with the top face of the connecting rod strap, to then slacken back the key enough to ease back the bra.s.ses to a proper fit, and then mark another line on the key.

The first line will form a guide as to how much to slacken back the bra.s.ses to adjust the fit, and the second one will form a guide as to how much the key is moved when making a second adjustment, if one should be found necessary after the engine has been running.

Similarly in adjusting the main bearing boxes to the crank shaft, either the nuts, or what are called leads, may be taken to adjust the fit.

Leads are necessary when the joint faces of the bra.s.ses do not meet, but are left open so that the wear can be taken up while the engine is running.

It is better, however, to let the bra.s.ses abut together, so that it may be known that the fit is correct when the nut is screwed firmly home.

The method of taking a lead is as follows: The top bra.s.s is loosened, and between the joint faces of the bra.s.ses or boxes on each side of the shaft a piece of lead wire is inserted. For a shaft of, say, four inches in diameter, the lead wire will be about 7/16 inch in diameter, or for a 10 inch shaft the wire should be 1/8 inch in diameter, and should be as long as the bra.s.s. The nuts are then screwed firmly home, and the wire will be squeezed between the bra.s.ses and thus flattened on two opposite sides, the thickness showing how far the joint faces of the bra.s.ses are apart when the bore grips the journal.

A liner, fit strip, distance piece, or s.h.i.+m (all these names meaning the same thing) is a strip of metal placed between the joint faces of the bra.s.ses to hold them the proper distance apart to make a working fit of the journal and bra.s.ses, when the latter are firmly bolted up.

The fit of the top bra.s.s therefore depends upon the fit strip being of the proper thickness from end to end.

Now the lead wire is the gauge for the thickness of the fit strip, the latter being made a trifle thicker than the flattened sides of the lead.

If the lead is thicker one end than the other, or if one lead is thicker than the other, the fit strips must be made so, and the leads must be marked so that it may be known which way they were placed between the bra.s.ses so that the proper fit strip may be on the proper side of the bra.s.s, and the proper end towards the crank.

Another method that is adopted in the case of large bra.s.ses is to screw down the nuts until the bra.s.ses bind the journal, and then make a mark on the nut and on the bolt thread. The nut is then slackened back as much as the judgment dictates, and a note made of how much this is, the marks forming a guide.

As the wear takes place, and the nuts screw farther down, a new mark is made on the nut, so that it may always be known how much to screw up or unscrew the nut, to make a light adjustment.

To avoid heating, it is a good plan to press some tallow into the bottom or in one corner of the oil cup, and then pour in the oil used for ordinary lubrication. So long as the bearing remains cool, the oil will feed and the tallow remain.

If the bearing heats, the tallow will melt, and, having a heavier body, will give a more suitable lubrication.

To find if the connecting rod is of the right length to give, as it should do, an equal amount of clearance (or s.p.a.ce between the piston and the cylinder cover) at each end of the stroke, move the fly wheel a trifle in either direction, and then move it back until the crank is on the dead centre, and draw a line across the cross head guide and guide bar, and the distance between this line and that drawn when the connecting rod was disconnected, shows the amount of clearance at that end of the cylinder. Then move the crank pin over to its other dead centre, and mark a line across the cross head guide and the guide bar, and the distance between this line and that drawn before the connecting rod was put on will show the clearance at this end of the cylinder.

If the clearance is not equal for the two ends, it should be made so by putting liners behind the connecting rod bra.s.ses so as to lengthen or shorten the connecting rod (according as the case may require), and equalize the clearance, while at the same time bringing the connecting rod keys up to their proper heights.

To test the set of the valve, the steam-chest cover must be taken off, the crank placed alternately on each dead centre, and the lead measured for each port.

An unequal or an equal degree of valve lead may be given by suitably altering the length of the eccentric rod, but when the lead is equal for the two ports, its amount must be regulated by moving the position of the eccentric upon the crank shaft.