Influences of Geographic Environment Part 33

[540] S.M. Zwemer, Arabia the Cradle of Islam, p. 135. New York, 1900.

[541] Cotterill and Little, s.h.i.+ps and Sailors, pp. ix-x, 38, London, 1868.

[542] M. Hue, Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China in 1846, Vol. II, p.

251. Chicago, 1898.

[543] Elliott Coues, History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Vol. I, p. 159. New York, 1893.

[544] Col. Lane Fox, Early Modes of Navigation, _Journal of Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, Vol. IV, pp. 423-425.

[545] H.M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, Vol. I, pp. 313-314. New York, 1879.

[546] _Ibid._, Vol. II, pp. 184, 219-220, 270-272, 300.

[547] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. II, p. 288. London, 1896-1898.

[548] _Ibid._, Vol I, pp. 358-359. Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 679-680. London, 1904.

[549] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 153-154; Vol. II, pp. 91, 100. London, 1896-1898.

[550] _Ibid._, Vol. I, pp. 166-170.

[551] Captain Winkler, Sea Charts Formerly Used in the Marshall Islands, Smithsonian Report for 1899, translated from the _Marine Rundschau_.

Berlin, 1898.

[552] Captain James Cook, Journal of First Voyage Round the World, pp.

70, 105, 119, 221, 230. Edited by W.J.L. Wharton. London, 1893.

[553] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 161, 174. London, 1896-1898.

[554] The Commercial and Fiscal Policy of the Venetian Republic, _Edinburgh Review_, Vol. 200, pp. 352-353. 1904.

[555] H. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. I, pp. 188-189, 193-195.

New York, 1902-1906.

[556] G. Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, pp. 29-37. New York, 1901. W.Z.

Ripley, Races of Europe, pp. 128-130, 270-273, 387-390, 407, 444, 448.

New York, 1899.

[557] H.J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, pp. 189-190. London, 1904.

[558] Sydow-Wagner _Schul-Atlas, Volker und Sprachenkarten_, No. 13.

Gotha, 1905. A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars, map p. 80. New York, 1897.

[559] Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. VI, pp. 5-17. New York, 1902-1906.

[560] E.C. Semple, The Development of the Hanse Towns in Relation to their Geographical Environment, _Bulletin American Geographical Society_, Vol. x.x.xI, No. 3, 1899.

[561] Helen Zimmern, The Hansa Towns, pp. 24-25, 54-55. New York, 1895.

[562] Nordenskiold, The Voyage of the Vega, pp. 365, 588, 591. New York, 1882.

[563] _Ibid._, pp. 375, 403, 405, 487, 563.

[564] Agnes Laut, The Vikings of the Pacific, pp. 62-105. New York, 1905.

[565] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 446, 449-450. London, 1896-1898.

[566] _Ibid._, Vol. III, pp. 180-195.

[567] Duarte Barbosa, The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, pp. 17-18.

Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1866.

[568] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 443-444. London, 1896-1898.

[569] Angus Hamilton, Korea, pp. 130-135. New York, 1904.

[570] Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, pp. 318-320, 478, 481-495. Was.h.i.+ngton, 1903.

[571] Hans Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. II, pp. 544-545. New York, 1902-1906.

[572] Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 407-412. London, 1896-1898.

[573] Pliny, Natural History, Book VI, chap. 26.

[574] Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography, Vol. II, pp. 351, 417-418, 470, 471. London, 1883.

[575] For full discussion of Indian Ocean, see Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. II, pp. 580-584, 602-610. New York, 1902-1906. Duarte Barbosa, The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, pp. 26-28, 41-42, 59-60, 67, 75, 79-80, 83, 166, 170, 174, 179, 184, 191-194, Hakluyt Society.

London, 1866.

[576] Pompeo Molmenti, Venice in the Middle Ages, Vol. I, pp. 117, 121-123, 130. Chicago, 1906. The Commercial and Fiscal Policy of the Venetian Republic, _Edinburgh Review_, Vol. 200, pp. 341-344, 347. 1904.

[577] H.J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, p. 24, note. London, 1904.

[578] Hugonis Grotii, _Mare Liberum sive de jure quod Batavis compet.i.t ad Indicana commercia dissertatio_, contained in his _De Jure Belli et Pacis. Hagae Comitis_, 1680.

CHAPTER X

MAN'S RELATION TO THE WATER

Despite the extensive use which man makes of the water highways of the world, they remain to him highways, places for his pa.s.sing and repa.s.sing, not for his abiding. Essentially a terrestrial animal, he makes his sojourn upon the deep only temporary, even when as a fisherman he is kept upon the sea for months during the long season of the catch, or when, as whaler, year-long voyages are necessitated by the remoteness and expanse of his field of operations. Yet even this rule has its exceptions. The Moro Bajan are sea gypsies of the southern Philippines and the Sulu archipelago, of whom Gannett says "their home is in their boats from the cradle to the grave, and they know no art but that of fis.h.i.+ng." Subsisting almost exclusively on sea food, they wander about from sh.o.r.e to sh.o.r.e, one family to a boat, in little fleets of half a dozen sail; every floating community has its own headman called the Captain Bajan, who embodies all their slender political organization. When occasionally they abandon their rude boats for a time, they do not abandon the sea, but raise their huts on piles above the water on some shelving beach. Like the ancient lake-dwellers of Switzerland and Italy, only in death do they acknowledge their ultimate connection with the solid land. They never bury their dead at sea, but always on a particular island, to which the funeral cortege of rude outrigged boats moves to the music of the paddle's dip.[579]

[Sidenote: Protection of a water frontier.]