The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 102

83. LaMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT.

Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; flowers yellow. (The ?a???? of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

L. COMMuNIS, L. Nearly smooth, 1--2 high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

84. KRiGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION.

Heads several--many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles.--Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after _D. Krieg_, an early German botanical collector in this country.)

-- 1. KRIGIA proper. _Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5--7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual._

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1--10' high), becoming branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid.--New Eng. to Minn., and southward.

April--Aug.

-- 2. CNTHIA. _Achenes more slender; pappus of 10--15 small oblong chaff and 15--20 bristles. Perennial._

2. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; _scapes leafless_, 6--18' high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, _DC._)--Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March--July.

3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. _Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1--3_, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2--5. (Cynthia Virginica, _Don._)--Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward.

June.--Stem 1--2 high.

85. CICHRIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CHICORY.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8--10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.--Branching perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy.

(Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

C. iNTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute.--Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

86. TRAGOPGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5--10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.--Stout glabrous biennials or perennials, with entire gra.s.s-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from t?????, _goat_, and p????, _beard_.)

T. PORRIFLIUS, L. (SALSIFY. OYSTER-PLANT.) Stem 2--3 high; peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and pappus 3' long.--Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

T. PRATeNSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.--Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. LEoNTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.--Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads.

(Name from ????, _a lion_, and ?d???, _a tooth_, in allusion to the toothed leaves.)--The following belongs to the subgenus OPORiNIA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L. AUTUMNaLIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat p.u.b.escent; scape branched, 5--15' high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.--Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June--Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PiCRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5--10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.--Coa.r.s.e rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from p?????, _bitter_.)

P. HIERACIODES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.--Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERaCIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads 12--many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.--Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from ???a?, _a hawk_.)

-- 1. _Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious._

H. AURANTAc.u.m, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads cl.u.s.tered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.--Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. PRaeaLTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2 high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.--N. New York (_Ward_). (Nat. from Eu.)

-- 2. _Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal._

H. MURRUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.--Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1--3 high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coa.r.s.ely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

-- 3. _Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated._

[*] _Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate._

2. H. paniculatum, L. _Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched_, hairy only below (1--3 high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; _heads_ (very small) _in a loose panicle_, on slender and diverging pedicels, _12--20-flowered; achenes short_.--Open woods; rather common.

3. H. vensum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or _scape_ (1--2 high) _naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb_; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12--35-flowered; _achenes linear_.--Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn.

and Iowa.

4. H. Marianum, Willd. _Somewhat leafy_, 2--3 high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, _the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny_; heads 20--40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, _the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid_.--Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.--Var. SPATHULaTUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1--3 high), leafy, _rough-hairy_, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the h.o.a.ry 40--50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.--Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] _Achenes tapering upward; heads 15--30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle._

6. H. Gronvii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1--3 high), _leafy and very hairy below, naked above_ and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; _achenes with a very taper summit_.--Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2--3 high), _very leafy toward the base, naked above_, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly _clothed with very long and upright bristles_ (often 1' long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; _achenes narrowed at the apex_.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CRePIS, L.

Involucre few--many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft.

Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from ???p??, _a sandal_.)

C. BIeNNIS, L. Somewhat p.u.b.escent, 2 high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.--Vt., Ma.s.s.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. TECTRUM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1 high; leaves narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.--In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat.