The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 127

A. MaJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1--2'

long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULaRIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.--Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for _scrofula_.)

1. S. nodsa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3--5 high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, ac.u.minate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.--Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLiNSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4--many-seeded.--Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like cl.u.s.ters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late _Zaccheus Collins_, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6--20' high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; _whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx_.--Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; _whorls 2--6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled_; the small (blue) _corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx_.--Sh.o.r.e of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELNE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.--Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or cl.u.s.ters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from ?e????, _a tortoise_, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6--7) high; _leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate_ (4--5' long, 4--12" wide), gradually ac.u.minate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; _bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose._--Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. oblqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1--2 high; _leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong_ (2--5' long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; _bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color_.--S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTeMON, Mitch.e.l.l. BEARD-TONGUE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.--Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from p??te, _five_, and st???, _stamen_; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] _Viscid or glandular above, more or less p.u.b.escent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate._

[+] _Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9--12" long, the lower lip usually bearded within._

1. P. p.u.b.escens, Solander. _Stem 1--2 high, viscid-p.u.b.escent_ (at least the inflorescence); _leaves oblong to lanceolate_ (2--4' long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; _thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple_ (or partly whitish), _very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded_.--Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (_Miss Furbish_) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. laevigatus, Solander. _Stem 2--4 high, mostly glabrous_ except the inflorescence; leaves _firmer_, somewhat glossy, the _cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate_ with subcordate clasping base (2--5' long); _thyrse broader; corolla white_ (commonly tinged with purple), _abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above_.--Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5 high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, _Nutt._)--Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. gracilis, Nutt. Glabrous or p.u.b.erulent, viscid-p.u.b.escent above, 1 high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.--Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] _Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western._

4. P. Cobae'a, Nutt. _Soft-p.u.b.erulent_, 1 high; _leaves ovate or oblong_, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, _mostly sharply toothed_; thyrse short; _corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose_, dull purple or whitish.--Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflrus, Nutt. _Wholly glabrous_ excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2--3 high; _leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or spa.r.s.ely toothed_, the floral shorter than the remote dense cl.u.s.ters of the virgate thyrse; _corolla 9" long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward_, white or whitish.--Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. albidus, Nutt. _Viscid-p.u.b.escent_, 6--10' high; _leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow_, entire or spa.r.s.ely toothed; _cl.u.s.ters_ of the strict thryse few-flowered, _approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely p.u.b.escent; corolla_ 9" long, _with shorter tube and more dilated throat_.--Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] _Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like._

7. P. grandiflrus, Nutt. Stem 2--4 high; _leaves_ thickish, the upper and floral _rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate_; pedicels short; _corolla 2' long, oblong-campanulate_, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.--Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1--2 high, _leaves_ mostly _oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate_; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; _corolla 1--1' long_, bright blue to violet-purple, _dilated above_; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or spa.r.s.ely hirsute.--Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. ac.u.minatus, Dougl. Stems 6--20' high, stout; _leaves_ thick, the lower _obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping_, acute or ac.u.minate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; _corolla 9" long_, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.--Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MiMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of _mimus_, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] _Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple._

1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1--2 high); _leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping_ by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July--Sept.--Flower 1--1' long, rarely white.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; _leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole_; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.--Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] _Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded._

3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.--In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. LuTEUS, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.--Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted.

Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.--Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multifida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely p.u.b.escent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.--Along streams and sh.o.r.es, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July--Sept.

10. HERPeSTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.--Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from ??p?st??, _a creeping thing_, the species being chiefly proc.u.mbent.)

[*] _Corolla plainly bil.a.b.i.ate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved._

1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1--2' long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpa.s.sing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.--Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

2. H. rotundiflia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; _leaves round-obovate, half-clasping_ (--1' long), entire, basally nerved; _peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx_; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.--Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

3. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; _leaves ovate, clasping_, entire, basally nerved; _peduncles shorter than the calyx_; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.--Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.--Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] _Corolla obscurely bil.a.b.i.ate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal._