The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 130

Corolla with the upper lip (_galea_) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1--3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from ?????, _upright_, and ?a?p??, _fruit_.)

1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, p.u.b.escent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, 1 high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6" long, 2--3 times as long as the calyx.--Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWaLBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10--12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.--A perennial minutely p.u.b.escent upright herb (1--2 high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to _C. G.

Schwalbe_, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L.--Wet sandy soil, Ma.s.s. to La., near the coast.

May--July.

23. EUPHRaSIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name e???as?a, _cheerfulness_, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.--Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.--Var. TATaRICA, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2--3" long), and mostly rounded leaves.--Alpine region of N. H., sh.o.r.e of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BaRTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.--Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. ODONTTES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-p.u.b.escent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coa.r.s.ely and remotely serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.--Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINaNTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed.

Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.--Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of ???, _a snout_, and ?????, _a flower_, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-galli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coa.r.s.ely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6" long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)--Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULaRIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.--Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from _pediculus_, a louse; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.)

Hairy; stems simple, cl.u.s.tered (5--12' high); _leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid_; spike short and dense; _calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire_, oblique; _upper lip of the_ (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) _corolla hooded, incurved_, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule _flat, somewhat sword-shaped_.--Copses and banks, common. May--July.

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1--3 high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; _leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed_; spike crowded; _calyx 2-lobed_, leafy-crested; _upper lip of the_ (pale yellow) _corolla incurved_ and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; _capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx_.--Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.

3. P. Furbis.h.i.+ae, Watson. Tall (2--3 high) p.u.b.escent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, _pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised_, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; _calyx-lobes_ 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; _upper lip of corolla straight_ and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; _capsule broadly ovate_.--Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (_Miss Kate Furbish_), and adjacent N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMP?RUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1--4-seeded.--Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from ??a?, _black_, and p????, _wheat_; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5" long).--Open woods; common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward.

June--Sept.

ORDER 76. OROBANCHaCEae. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

_Herbs dest.i.tute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with alb.u.men and a very minute embryo._--Calyx persistent, 4--5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.--Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front.

Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped.

Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHeGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentae on each valve.--Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6--12' high. (Name from ?p?, _upon_, and f????, _the Beech_, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6--8" long, curved, 4-toothed.--Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark.

Aug.--Oct.

2. CONoPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4--5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading.

Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve.--Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from ?????, _a cone_, and f????, _a scale_).

1. C. Americana, Wallroth.--Oak woods, growing in cl.u.s.ters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.--A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3--6' high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHLLON, Mitch.e.l.l. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate.

Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-p.u.b.escent. (Name from a- privative and f?????, _foliage_, alluding to the naked stalks.)

[*] _Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb._

1. A. uniflrum, Gray. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) _Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short_, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1--3 slender one-flowered scapes (3--5' high); _divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped_, half the length of the corolla, which is 1' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.--Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May.