The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 157

[+][+] _Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated._

12. S. candida, Willd. (SAGE W. h.o.a.rY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2--4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, _beneath covered with a dense white tomentum_, the revolute margin subentire; _stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles_; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2' long in fruit; anthers red; the dark gland elongated; capsule densely white-woolly; style dark red; stigmas short, spreading, notched.--Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward.--A h.o.a.ry shrub 2--5 high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, Mich. (_Dr. Clarke_).

13. S. phyliciflia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-toothed, 2--3' long, _very smooth on both sides_, dark green and s.h.i.+ning above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; _stipules obsolete_; aments sessile with a few small bracts at base, 1' long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2' long in fruit; scales dark, silky-villous; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of _Man._; S. chlorophylla, var.

denudata, _Anders_.)--Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains, and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.--A divaricately much branched shrub 1--10 high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom.

(Eu.)

S. VIMINaLIS, L., the OSIER WILLOW of Europe, is occasionally planted, but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SMITHIaNA, Willd., etc., stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive.

[+][+][+] _Capsules sessile; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one._

S. PURPuREA, L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse.--Low grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Capsules glabrous._

[+] _Tall shrubs, 4--10 high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2--4' long, acute or ac.u.minate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, 1' long or more, the fertile leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2' long or more; capsules tapering, pointed._

[++] _Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled; style medium._

14. S. cordata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) _Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower_, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, _green both sides or scarcely paler beneath_, the young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous; _aments rather slender_; capsules greenish or refuscent, 2--3" long. (S. rigida, _Muhl._)--Var.

ANGUSTaTA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually ac.u.minate, finely serrate.--In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely distributed and variable species.--S. MYRICODES, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myricoides, _Darl_., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and spa.r.s.ely appressed-hairy; stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, becoming glabrate, shortly pedicelled; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S.

incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_).

15. S. glaucophlla, Bebb. _Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly rounded base to oblong-lanceolate_ and equally pointed at both ends (3--4' long, nearly 2' wide), glandular-serrate, _subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and s.h.i.+ning above, glaucous beneath_, the young drying black; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate; _aments thick, oblong-cylindrical_, in size and silkiness resembling n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3--5' long, greenish, drying brown.--Var.

ANGUSTIFLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3' long, ' wide), pointed at both ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.)--Var. BREVIFLIA, Bebb; leaves obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined.--Common on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake sh.o.r.e in N.

Ill. and Wisc.

16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. _Leaves broadly rounded and usually subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid_ and of a rich reddish color, _at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath_, slightly glandular-serrulate; petioles long and slender; _stipules obsolete; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit_, the long slender pedicels 6--8 times the length of the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, _Anders._)--In open swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White Mountains of N. H. (_Little_, 1823; rediscovered by _Pringle_, and _C. E._ and _E.

Faxon_). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs s.h.i.+ning-chestnut on the sunny side.

[++][++] _Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile; style elongated._

17. S. adenophlla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspidate-ac.u.minate (1--2' long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely flowered.--Sh.o.r.es of the Great Lakes, rooting extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata.

[+][+] _Low erect shrub, 1--3 high; leaves small, entire; capsules oblong-cylindric; stigmas sessile or nearly so._

18. S. myrtillodes, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1' long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, fertile aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; capsules reddish green; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale.--Var. PEDICELLaRIS, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1--2' long.--Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)

[+][+][+] _Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs._

19. S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) _Leaves elliptical_ and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than 1' long, 3--4" wide, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and s.h.i.+ning above, pale and rather glaucous beneath; _aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylindric_, 6--9" long, the fertile lengthening to 2'

and narrowly cylindric, _densely flowered_ above, often loose below; _scales_ obovate, rose-red at the tip, _covered with long silky hairs_; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri, _Tuckerm._)--Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1--2 in diameter.

20. S. herbacea, L. _Leaves roundish oval_, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, less than 1' long, serrate, smooth and s.h.i.+ning, reticulately veined; _aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4--10 flowered; scales_ concave, obovate, obtuse, _glabrous_ or slightly p.u.b.escent; capsule subsessile.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom rising above 1--2' from the ground. (Eu.)

2. PoPULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN.

Bracts (_scales_) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex.

Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front.

Stamens 8--30, or more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2--4, elongated.

Capsules 2--4-valved.--Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The cla.s.sical Latin name, of uncertain origin.)

-- 1. _Styles 2, with 2--3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, 2-valved; seeds very small; leaves ovate._

[*] _Petioles laterally flattened; bracts silky; stamens 6--20; capsules numerous, small, on very short pedicels._

P. aLBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomentose; scales crenate, fringed.--Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv.

from Eu.)

1. P. tremulodes, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20--50 high, with smooth greenish-white bark; _leaves roundish-heart-shaped_, with a short sharp point, and _small somewhat regular teeth_, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; _scales cut into 3--4 deep linear divisions_, fringed with long hairs.--Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60--75 high, with smoothish gray bark; _leaves roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth_, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides; _scales cut into 5--6 unequal small divisions_, slightly fringed.--Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.

[*][*] _Petioles terete; bracts not silky; stamens 12--60._

3. P. heterophlla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40--80 high; leaves ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath; fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules ' long, equalling the pedicels.--Borders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and Ill. to Ark. and W. La.

-- 2. _Styles 2--4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2--4-valved; bracts mostly glabrous; seeds 1--2" long._

4. P. balsamifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree 50--75 high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed_, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles --2' long; scales dilated, slightly hairy; _stamens 20--30; capsule ovate, 2-valved_.--Borders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and far north and westward.--Var. CaNDICANS, Gray.

(BALM OF GILEAD.) _Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped_; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultivation, but rare or unknown in a wild state.

5. P. monilifera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tree 75--150 high; _leaves broadly deltoid_, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute ac.u.mination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy; _stamens 60 or more; capsules_ on slender pedicels (4--5" long) in long catkins, _oblong-ovate, 3--4-valved_. (Incl. P. angulata, _Ait._)--Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts.

Order 105. EMPETRaCEae. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

_Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of_ Heaths, _and the drupaceous fruit of_ Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae;--probably only an apetalous and polygamous or dicious degenerate form of Ericaceae,--comprising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third farther south.

1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-like.

2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1. eMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (inconspicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6--9-rayed.

Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6--9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious alb.u.men, with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from ??, _upon_, and p?t???, _a rock_.)

1. E. ngrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Proc.u.mbent and spreading; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L.

Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. COReMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.

Flowers dicious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name ????a, _a broom_, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'--2 high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shaw.a.n.gunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Ma.s.s. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.