The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 168

[*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._

1. A. tricocc.u.m, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from cl.u.s.tered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves 5--9' long, 1--2' wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly distinct filaments; capsule strongly 3-lobed.--Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn. and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed.

[*][*] _Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell._

2. A. Schnoprasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked or leafy at base (6--12'

high), bearing a globular _capitate umbel_ of many rose-purple flowers; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments; _leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested_.--From N.

Brunswick and the Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. cernuum, Roth. (WILD ONION.) _Scape naked, angular_ (--2 high), nodding at the apex, bearing a _loose or drooping few--many-flowered umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled_ (1 long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; _capsule 6-crested_.--In the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., Tex., and westward.

-- 2. _Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats often fibrous; leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale)._

4. A. stellatum, Nutt. _Scape terete_ (6--18' high), slender, bearing an _erect umbel_; bulb-coats membranous; _sepals broad_, acute; _stamens and style exserted; capsule prominently 6-crested_.--Rocky slopes, Minn.

to W. Ill. and Mo., and westward.

5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3--8' high; _bulbs densely and coa.r.s.ely fibrous-coated_; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, _thin and lax_ in fruit, _a third longer than the stamens; capsule crested_.--Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex.

6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4--6 high, from a _very fibrous-coated bulb_; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, _rather rigid_ in fruit; _capsule not crested_.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

7. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 1 high or more; bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; _umbel densely bulbiferous_ or few-flowered; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; _capsule not crested_.--Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June.

A. VINEaLE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (1--3 high); _leaves terete and hollow_, slender, channelled above; _umbel often densely bulbiferous; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate_ on each side of the anther.--Moist meadows and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat.

from Eu.)

3. NOTHoSCORDUM, Kunth.

Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tunicated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from ?????, _false_, and s???d???, _garlic_.)

1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1 high or less; bulb small, often bulbiferous at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the segments narrowly oblong, 4--6" long; ovules 4--7 in each cell. (Allium striatum, _Jacq._)--Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward.

4. ANDROSTePHIUM, Torr.

Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat; the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, beaked by the stout persistent style; seeds large, few to several in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale lilac flowers umbellate; pedicels not jointed; involucral bracts several. (Name from ????, for _stamen_, and st?f??, _crown_, referring to the stamineal crown.)

1. A. violaceum, Torr. Scape 2--6' high; flowers 8--12" long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the limb; crown scarcely shorter than the limb.--Kan. to Tex.

5. CAMa.s.sIA, Lindl.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3--7-nerved, slightly irregular, mostly deciduous; the 6 filiform filaments at their base. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name _quamash_ or _cama.s.s_.)

1. C. Fraseri, Torr. (EASTERN CAMa.s.s. WILD HYACINTH.) Scape 1 high or more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the pedicels; sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4--7" long; capsule acutely triangular-globose. (Scilla Fraseri, _Gray_.)--Rich ground, W. Penn. to Minn. and E. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.

6. ORNITHoGALUM, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3--7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranous, roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal.--Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient whimsical name from ?????, _a bird_, and ???a, _milk_.)

O. UMBELLaTUM, L. Scape 4--9' high; flowers 5--8, on long and spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside.--Escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

O. NuTANS, L. Scape 1 high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1' long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.--Rarely escaped from gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. MUSCaRI, Tourn. GRAPE-HYACINTH.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular seeds in each cell.--Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).

M. BOTRYODES, Mill. Leaves linear, 3--4" broad; flowers globular (1--1" long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes.--Escaped from gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. RACEMSUM, Mill. Leaves 1--1" broad; flowers oblong-urceolate, 2--2" long, deep blue, fragrant.--Rare escape, Md. and Penn. (Adv.

from Eu.)

8. HEMEROCaLLIS, L. DAY-LILY.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and ascending; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell.--Showy perennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and large yellow flowers; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the name, from ???a, _a day_, and ??????, _beauty_.)

H. FuLVA, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens (Adv.

from Eu.)

9. YuCCA, L. BEAR-GRa.s.s. SPANISH BAYONET.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white or greenish) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, withering-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a part.i.tion from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened.--Stems woody, either very short or rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an often ample compound panicle or branched raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the root of the Ca.s.sava-plant.)

1. Y. angustiflia, Pursh. Caudex none or very short; leaves straight _very stiff and pungent_, --2 long by 1--6" wide, filiferous on the margin; _raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile_ (1--4 long); flowers 1--2' wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary; capsule 6-sided (3'

long); _seeds 5--6" broad_.--Dak. to Iowa, Kan., and N. Mex. May, June.

2. Y. filamentsa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Caudex 1 high or less, from a running rootstock; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering to a short point, rough on the back, 1--2 long by 1--3' wide, filiferous on the margin; _panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 4--9 high_; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 1' long; _seeds 3" broad_.--Near the coast, Md. to Fla. and La. July. Very variable.

10. CONVALLaRIA, L. LILY OF THE VALLEY.

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved.

Stamens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into a stout style; stigma triangular. Ovules 4--6 in each cell. Berry few-seeded (red).--A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from _Lilium convallium_, the popular name.)

1. C. majalis, L.--High mountains of Va. to S. C. Apparently identical with the European LILY OF THE VALLEY of the gardens.

11. POLYGONaTUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse.

Ovary 3-celled. with 2--6 ovules in each cell; style slender, deciduous by a joint; stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1--2-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of p????, _many_, and ????, _knee_, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.)--Ours are alternate-leaved species, the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh.

1. P. biflrum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong _nearly sessile leaves_, which are commonly _minutely p.u.b.escent as well as pale or glaucous underneath_; stem slender (1--3 high); _peduncles 1--3- but mostly 2-flowered_; perianth 4--6" long; _filaments papillose-roughened_, inserted toward the summit of the perianth.--Wooded hillsides, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.