The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 187

Perigynium hairy.--

Spikes very large, globose 6

Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so 81-83, 85-92

Spikes cylindrical, heavy 24-28

Perigynium granular-roughened 23

Perigynium smooth,

Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.--

Beakless 58, 59

Beaked 5-17

Firm in texture, not inflated,

Long-beaked, deeply toothed 2-4, 26, 28

Less prominently beaked, short-toothed, sharply 3-angled 69-74

Wholly beakless and pointless 58, 59, 63, 78, 79

Very small, black and s.h.i.+ning; leaves capillary 80

Culm and leaves thinly p.u.b.escent 64

Perigynium more or less pointed or beaked.

Spikes spreading or drooping 51-53, 68-70, 75

Spikes erect 60-62, 65-68, 71-78

[*] 1. PHYSOCaRPae.--[+] 1. _Pauciflrae_.

1. C. pauciflra, Lightf. (Pl. 5, fig. 1--16.) Very slender but erect, 6--18' high; leaves very narrow, much shorter than the culm; staminate and pistillate flowers 2--5; perigynium at maturity easily detached.--Cold sphagnum swamps, New Eng. to N. Penn. and Minn.; local.

(Eu.)

[*] 1.--[+] 2. _Lupulnae_.

[++] _Teeth of the perigynium strongly reflexed._

2. C. subulata, Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 6'--2 high; leaves narrow, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts leafy, sheathing; pistillate spikes 2--4, scattered, 2--6-flowered; perigynium deflexed.--Deep sphagnum swamps, R. I. to E. Penn., and southward; very local.

[++][++] _Teeth erect or spreading._

[=] _Whole plant yellowish; perigynium little or not at all inflated._

3. C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 1--2 high; leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm; spikes 2--3, the lowest usually remote and short-peduncled, the remainder aggregated and sessile; staminate spike small, wholly sessile; perigynium not inflated, erect or spreading, twice longer than the blunt scale. (C. rostrata, _Michx._)--Bogs and lake-borders, mountains of N. H. and N. Y., and westward to L. Superior; local.

4. C. folliculata, L. Stout, 2--3 high; leaves very broad and flat, lax; pistillate spikes 3--4, scattered, all but the uppermost prominently peduncled; staminate spike short-peduncled; perigynium larger, inflated, the scale awned and nearly as long.--Cold swamps, New Eng. to N. J. and Penn., and west to Mich.; rather local.

[=][=] _Plant green; perigynium much inflated._

5. C. intumescens, Rudge. Slender, 18--30' high; leaves narrow, pistillate spikes two, loosely 1--8-flowered, the perigynium erect-spreading, not prominently many-nerved.--Wet pastures and swamps; common.

6. C. Grayii, Carey. Larger and stouter; leaves broad and flat, 3--4"

wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly globular and compactly 12--30-flowered, the perigynium spreading or deflexed and prominently many-nerved.--Meadows and copses, Vt. to Ill., and south to Ga.; rare eastward.--In var. HISPiDULA, Gray, the perigynium is spa.r.s.ely hispidulous.

7. C. lupulna, Muhl. Very stout and leafy; leaves rather broad and loose; pistillate spikes 2--6, approximate at the top of the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short-peduncled, oblong or short-cylindrical, very heavy and densely flowered; staminate spike small and sessile; perigynium large and rather soft, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike a hop-like aspect (whence the name). (C. lurida, _Bailey_.)--Swamps and wet pastures; frequent.

Var. pedunculata, Dewey. Spikes more or less scattered, some or all prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, often long-peduncled, very variable in size; perigynium more spreading. (C.

gigantea, _Rudge_.)--With the species, but more common.

Var. polystachya, Schwein. & Torr. Stouter, the leaves very broad (often '); bracts broad and far exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 4--6, all long (3--4') and cylindrical, more or less short-peduncled, somewhat scattered, becoming yellow; perigynium very large, ascending.

(C. lupuliformis, _Sartw._)--N. Y. and N. J.; not common.

C. LUPULNA RETRoRSA, Dudley. Distinguished from C. lupulina by its straw-colored perigynium, which is less inflated and more spreading, standing at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike; scales acute to short-awned, rough. (C. lurida retrorsa, _Bailey_).--Ithaca, N. Y.

(_Dudley_), and Lansing, Mich. (_Bailey_). Resembles n. 16.

8. C. grandis, Bailey. Distinguished from C. lupulina, var. polystachya, by its much more scattered and mostly shorter slim spikes, which are comparatively loosely flowered; perigynium swollen below but very abruptly contracted into a slender beak 3--4 times as long as the body, spreading at right angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow; scales narrow, smooth. (C. gigantea of previous editions.)--Swamps, Ky., Del., and southward; local.

[*] 1.--[+] 3. _Vesicariae_.

[++] _Spikes very small, globular or short-oblong._

9. C. oligosperma, Michx. Very slender, but stiff, 18--30' high; leaves and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; staminate spike single, peduncled; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled, 3--8-flowered; perigynium turgid, short-ovoid, gradually contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, nearly twice longer than the blunt scale.--Deep swamps and borders of lakes, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; frequent.

10. C. miliaris, Michx. Culm very slender but erect, 12--18' high, smooth, or slightly rough above on the angles; leaves almost filiform, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1--2, exceedingly narrow, elevated an inch or two; pistillate spikes 1--3, the upper one sessile and the lowest very short stalked, 9" long or less, the lower subtended by a short leafy bract; perigynium very small, broad or round-ovate or ovate-oblong, thin but firm, bearing a nerve on each side but otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, rounded into a very short terete entire or somewhat erose beak; scales brown, lance-ovate, white tipped, about as long as the perigynium. (C. rotundata? of last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead Lake, Maine, and northward.

Var. major, Bailey. Culm much stouter (often over 2 high), thick and very sharply angled; leaves stout and channelled or involute; staminate spikes short-stalked; the pistillate 1--5, darker, mostly longer and larger; scale varying from wholly obtuse to acutish.--Outlet of Moosehead Lake (_Porter_), and northward.

Var. (?) aurea, Bailey. Taller and mostly stouter than the type; pistillate spikes one or two, often staminate at top, yellow or stramineous; perigynium longer, gradually produced into a conspicuous and more or less toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, broader and usually longer than the blunt scale. (C. pulla, and var. miliaris, last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead Lake (_Smith_), and northward.

[++][++] _Spikes much larger, cylindrical._

[=] _Scales all, or all but the very lowest, smooth._

11. C. utriculata, Boott. Very stout and robust, 3--4 high; leaves broad (4--6") and flat, very prominently nodulose, particularly below; spikes 3--4, 3--6' long, very thick and dense above but usually more or less attenuate below, erect or nearly so, all but the lowest sessile or very short-stalked; perigynium ovate, only moderately inflated, rather abruptly contracted into a short toothed beak, at maturity usually squarrose, rather prominently few-nerved, the upper longer than the sharp scale, the lower shorter than or only equalling the sharper or awned scale. (C. rostrata, _Bailey_, etc.)--Swamps, everywhere; common.

Pa.s.ses imperceptibly into var. MNOR, Boott, which is distinguished by its much smaller size, spikes 2' long or less, smaller perigynium, blunt scales, and narrower and little nodulose leaves. With the type.

12. C. monle, Tuckerm. Rather slender but erect, 2--3 high, the culm sharply angled and usually rough above; pistillate spikes 2--3, the lowest one or two short-stalked, erect or spreading, 1--3' long, narrowly cylindrical; perigynium turgid, prominently beaked, about 10-nerved, ascending, longer than the very sharp scale. (C. Vaseyi, _Dewey_.)--Meadows and swales; common.--In var. MONSTRSA, Bailey, the plant is very slender throughout, and the terminal spike more or less pistillate, while the remaining spikes are reduced to one or two which are very small and loosely flowered and usually on very long filiform peduncles. E. Ma.s.s. (_Swan_).

13. C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Differs from the last chiefly in the comparatively shorter (1--2' long) spikes, which are much thicker (usually ' or more); perigynium greatly inflated and very thin and papery, the body broader than long (about 3" thick); scale thin and narrow, acute, all but the very lowest less than half the length of the perigynium.--Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Minn.; frequent.

14. C. bullata, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 15--20.) Slender, 1--2 high; culm very sharply and roughly angled, thin but stiff; leaves narrow, rough-edged, stiff; spikes 1 or 2, remote, short and thick (rarely 1'

long), sessile or the lower short-peduncled, more or less spreading; perigynium turgid but very firm, dull straw colored and s.h.i.+ning as if varnished, prominently few-nerved, the long beak usually minutely roughened; scale membranaceous and blunt, about {1/3} as long as the perigynium.--Swamps from E. Ma.s.s, to N. J. and E. Penn., and southward; frequent.