The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 22

[*] _Leaves all scattered along the branches; leaf-buds silky._

1. M. glauca, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.) _Leaves_ oval to broadly lanceolate, 3--6' long, _obtuse, glaucous beneath; flower globular, white_, 2' long, _very fragrant_; petals broad; cone of fruit small, oblong.--Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the coast; in Penn. as far west as c.u.mberland Co. June--Aug.--Shrub 4--20 high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen.

2. M. ac.u.minata, L. (CUc.u.mBER-TREE.) _Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green_ and a little p.u.b.escent beneath, 5--10' long; _flower oblong bell-shaped, glaucous-green_ tinged with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit 2--3' long, cylindrical.--Rich woods, western N. Y. to Ill., and southward. May, June.--Tree 60--90 high. Fruit when young slightly resembling a small cuc.u.mber, whence the common name.

3. M. macrophlla, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) _Leaves obovate-oblong, cordate_ at the narrowed base, p.u.b.escent and _white beneath; flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base_; petals ovate, 6' long; cone of fruit ovoid.--S. E. Ky. and southward.

May, June.--Tree 20--40 high. Leaves 1--3 long, somewhat cl.u.s.tered on the flowering branches.

[*][*] _Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly scented._

4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) _Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends_, soon glabrous, 1--2 long; petals obovate-oblong, 4--5' long.--S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May.--A small tree. Fruit rose-color, 4--5' long, ovoid-oblong.

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) _Leaves oblong-obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base_, glabrous, 8--20' long; petals obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, 4' long.--Va. and Ky., along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May.--A slender tree 30--50 high.

Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding.

2. LIRIODeNDRON, L. TULIP-TREE.

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla.

Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1--2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from ??????, _lily_ or _tulip_, and d??d???, _tree_.)

1. L. Tulipifera, L.--Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wisc., and southward. May, June.--A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140 high and 8--9 in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called WHITE POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2' long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long.

ORDER 3. ANONaCEae. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

_Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, polyandrous._--Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outward; filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a ma.s.s, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crustaceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the _ruminated_ alb.u.men.--Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary.--A tropical family, excepting the following genus:--

1. ASiMINA, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular ma.s.s. Pistils few, ripening 1--4 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril.--Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised, the lurid flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from _Asiminier_, of the French colonists, from the Indian name _a.s.simin_.)

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3--4 times as long as the calyx.--Banks of streams in rich soil, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ill., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May.--Tree 10--20 high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 1' wide.

Fruits 3--4' long, yellowish, sweet and edible in autumn.

ORDER 4. MENISPERMaCEae. (MOONSEED FAMILY.)

_Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; hypogynous, dicious, 3--6-gynous; fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty alb.u.men._--Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.--Chiefly a tropical family.

[*] Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celled. Seed incurved.

1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6.

2. Menispermum. Stamens 12--24, slender. Petals 6--8.

[*][*] Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped.

3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.

1. CoCCULUS, DC.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3--6 in the fertile flowers; style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Menispermum.--Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, a diminutive of _coccus_, ??????, a berry.)

1. C. Carolnus, DC. Minutely p.u.b.escent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape; flowers greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small pea).--River-banks, Va. to S. Ill., Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

2. MENISPeRMUM, L. MOONSEED.

Sepals 4--8. Petals 6--8, short. Stamens 12--24 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2--4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle; stigma broad and flat.

Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped; cotyledons filiform.--Flowers white, in small and loose axillary panicles. (Name from ???, _moon_, and sp??a, _seed_.)

1. M. Canadense, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3--7-angled or lobed.--Banks of streams; common. June, July.--Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

3. CALYCOCaRPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED.

Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupe globular; the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped.--Flowers greenish-white, in long racemose panicles. (Name from ?????, _a cup_, and ?a?p??, _fruit_.)

1. C. Lyni, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3--5-lobed, cordate at the base; the lobes ac.u.minate; drupe an inch long, black when ripe; the sh.e.l.l crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity.--Rich soil, Ky. to S.

Ill. and Kan., and southward. May.--Stems climbing to the tops of trees.

ORDER 5. BERBERIDaCEae. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

_Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usually in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top._ (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) _Pistil single._ Filaments short.

Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with alb.u.men. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate.

[*] Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded.

1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood; a pair of glandular spots on the base of each petal. Fruit a berry.

2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Ovary soon bursting; the two seeds left naked.

3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2--4-seeded.

[*][*] Petals 6--9. Stamens 8--18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs.

4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening by a lid.

5. Podophyllum. Petals 6--9. Stamens 12--18; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Fruit a large berry.

1. BeRBERIS, L. BARBERRY.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2--6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1--few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument.--Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1--9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from _Berberys_, the Arabic name of the fruit.)