The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 56

6. DALIBaRDA, L.

Calyx deeply 5--6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5--10, becoming nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.--Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of _Thomas Dalibard_, a French botanist of the time of Linnaeus.)

1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit.--Wooded banks; common northward. June--Aug.--In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.

7. GeUM, L. AVENS.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior.--Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.)

-- 1. GEUM proper. _Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed._

[*] _Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; stipules small._

1. G. alb.u.m, Gmelin. _Smoothish or softly p.u.b.escent; stem slender_ (2 high); root-leaves of 3--5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading; _receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute._--Borders of woods, etc.; common. May--Aug.

2. G. Virginianum, L. _Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem_; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; _receptacle glabrous_ or nearly so.--Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June--Aug.

[*][*] _Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx; stipules larger and all deeply cut._

3. G. macrophllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1--3 high); root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the _terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped_; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2--4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the _lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked_.--N. Scotia and N. Eng.

to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3--5 high); root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; _leaflets of the stem-leaves 3--5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy._--Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)

-- 2. STLIPUS. _Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as -- 1._

5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat p.u.b.escent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; receptacle smooth.--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south to Ky. and Tex. April--June.

-- 3. CARYOPHYLLaTA. _Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect._

6. G. rivale, L. (WATER, or PURPLE AVENS.)--Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2 high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-purple calyx.--Bogs and wet meadows, Newf.

to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo.--Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)

-- 4. SIEVeRSIA. _Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)_

7. G. triflrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; _bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit_.--Rocks, Lab.

and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and Mo., rare. April--June.

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; _root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped_, radiate-veined (2--5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5--7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8--18' high) 1--5-flowered; _bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate_ and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (' long), _spreading; styles naked_ except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)

Var. Peckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves spa.r.s.ely hirsute.--Alpine tops of the White Mts.

DRYAS OCTOPETALA, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this section excepting its 8--9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since.

8. WALDSTENIA, Willd.

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenes 2--6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.--Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3--5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of _Francis von Waldstein_, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragariodes, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than the calyx.--Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.

9. FRAGaRIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface.--Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coa.r.s.ely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)--Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virginiana, Mill. _Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle_, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified; _leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of the scapes_, and especially of the _pedicels, silky and appressed_.--Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common.

Var. Illinoensis, Gray, is a coa.r.s.er or larger plant, with flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dicious, and the _villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading_.--Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward.

2. F. vesca, L. _Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle_ (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed; _leaflets thin_, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins.--Fields and rocky places; less common. (Eu.)

F. iNDICA, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, _yellow petals_, and _insipid fruit_, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the S. States; an escape from cultivation.

Flowers and fruit produced through the summer and autumn. (Adv. from India.)

10. POTENTiLLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appearing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in a head on the dry mostly p.u.b.escent or hairy receptacle; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior.--Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from _potens_, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.)

-- 1. _Styles thickened and glandular toward the base; achenes glabrous, numerous; inflorescence cymose._

[*] _Style nearly basal; stamens 25--30; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers._

1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1--4 high), brownish-hairy, clammy above; leaflets 7--11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath; cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk.--Rocky hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and westward.

[*][*] _Style terminal; flowers small, yellow; leaves pinnate or ternate._

[+] _Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose; stamens 5--20._

2. P. Norvegica, L. _Stout, erect, hirsute_ (--2 high); _leaves ternate_; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate; _cyme rather close_, leafy; _calyx large_; stamens 15 (rarely 20).--Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. (Eu.)

3. P. rivalis, Nutt. _More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaflet 3-parted_; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong; _cyme loose, often diffuse_, less leafy; _calyx small_; petals minute; stamens 10--20 (rarely 5).--Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward.

Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and ascending; achenes often small and light-colored.--Minn. to Mo., N. Mex., and westward.

Var. pentandra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals.--Iowa, Mo., and Ark.

4. P. supna, L. _Stems dec.u.mbent at base_ or erect, often stout, leafy, _subvillous; leaflets pinnately 5--11_, obovate or oblong; _cyme loose, leafy_; stamens 20; _achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side_. (P.

paradoxa, _Nutt._)--Minn. to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes.--Var. NICOLLeTII, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence much elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose.--Devil's Lake, Minn.

[+][+] _Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose; leaflets incisely pinnatifid; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20--25._

5. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect or dec.u.mbent at base (--2 high); leaflets 5--9, white-tomentose beneath, short-p.u.b.escent and greener above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revolute; cyme fastigiate but rather open.--Coast of Maine, N. H., and the lower St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.--Var.

STRIGSA, Lehm. Stems 6--12' high; silky-tomentose throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close.--Minn. and westward.