The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 60

[*][*] _Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the capsule._

2. S. rivularis, L. (ALPINE BROOK-S.) Small, stems weak, 3--5-flowered; lower _leaves rounded, 3--5-lobed_, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; _petals white, ovate_.--Alpine region of the White Mts., to Lab. (Eu.)

3. S. aizodes, L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN-S.) Low (3--5' high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers; _leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy_, distantly spinulose-ciliate; _petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong_.--N. Vt. to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward.

June. (Eu.)

4. S. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4--8' high), naked above; flowers corymbose, _leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth_ at the summit; _petals obovate-oblong, yellow_.--Sh.o.r.e of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Leaves cl.u.s.tered at the root; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-p.u.b.escent._

[+] _Petals all alike._

5. S. Aizon, Jacq. Scape 5--10' high; _leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilaginous toothed margins_; calyx partly adherent; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.--Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Vt., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (EARLY S.) Low (4--9' high); _leaves obovate or oval-spatulate_, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish; flowers in a cl.u.s.tered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes of the nearly free _calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals_; follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish.--Exposed rocks and dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.; common, especially northward. April--June.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SWAMP S.) Large (1--2 high); _leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed_ (4--8' long), narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first cl.u.s.tered; lobes of the nearly free _calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped_, follicles at length divergent.--Bogs, N. Eng. to Va., west to Minn. and Iowa.

8. S. ersa, Pursh. (LETTUCE S.) _Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed_, tapering into a margined petiole (8--12' long); scape slender (1--3 high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; _calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments club-shaped_; follicles nearly separate, diverging, _narrow, pointed_, 2--3" long.--Cold mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C.

9. S. Forbesii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2--4 high; _leaves denticulate, oval to elongated oblong_ (4--8' long); _filaments filiform; follicles short, ovate_; otherwise as in the last.--Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Ill.

(_Forbes_); E. Mo. (_Lettermann._)

[+][+] _Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free and reflexed._

10. S. leucanthemiflia, Michx. Leaves coa.r.s.ely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole; stems (5--18' high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; _petals_ lanceolate, the _3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base_ and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots.--Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.

11. S. stellaris, L., var comsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed; scape (4--5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, _petals all lanceolate and tapering into the claw_.--Mt. Katahdin, Maine, north to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

3. BOYKiNIA, Nutt.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule.

Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga.--Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5--7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes.

(Dedicated to the late _Dr. Boykin_ of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitiflia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6--20' high); leaves deeply 5--7-lobed.--Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.

4. SULLIVaNTIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent.

Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upward.--A low and reclined-spreading perennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6--12' long). Peduncles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist who discovered our species.)

1. S. Ohinis, Torr. & Gray.--Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and Minn. June.

5. TIAReLLA, L. FALSE MITRE-WORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth.--Perennials; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from t???a, _a tiara_, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of _Mitre-wort_ properly belongs.)

1. T. cordiflia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, spa.r.s.ely hairy above, downy beneath; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5--12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong, often subserrate.--Rich rocky woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and southward in the mountains. April, May.

6. MITeLLA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. BISHOP'S-CAP.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short.

Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentae, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and s.h.i.+ning.--Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of _mitra_, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.)

1. M. diphlla, L. _Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute_, somewhat 3--5-lobed, toothed, _those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile_, with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6--8' long; stamens 10.--Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; _leaves rounded or kidney-form_, deeply and doubly crenate; _stem usually leafless, few-flowered_, very slender (4--6' high); flowers greenish; stamens 10.--Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. May--July.

7. HEuCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.

Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.--Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves princ.i.p.ally from the rootstock; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small cl.u.s.ters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of _John Henry Heucher_, a German botanist of the beginning of the 18th century.)

[*] _Flowers small, loosely panicled; stamens and styles exserted; calyx regular._

1. H. villsa, Michx. Stems (1--3 high), petioles, and veins of the _acutely_ 7--9-lobed leaves _villous with rusty hairs_ beneath; calyx 1" long; _petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens_, soon twisted.--Rocks, Md. to Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept.

2. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, --2 high, glandular-hirsute, as well as the petioles, etc.; _leaves round-reniform, with 7--9 short and broad rounded lobes_; flowers very small (1" long); petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit narrow.--Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N. C.

3. H. Americana, L. (COMMON ALUM-ROOT.) Stems (2--3 high), etc., _glandular_ and more or less _hirsute with short hairs_; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; _calyx very broad_, 2" long, the _spatulate petals not longer than its lobes_.--Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Miss.

[*][*] _Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3--4" long) more or less oblique; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly 5--9-lobed._

4. H. hispida, Pursh. Stems 2--4 high; _hispid or hirsute_ with long spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; _stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals_.--Mountains of Va. and N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.

5. H. p.u.b.escens, Pursh. Stem (1--3 high) and petioles _granular-p.u.b.escent or glandular above_, not hairy, below often glabrous; _stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx_ and the spatulate petals.--Rich woods, in the mountains, from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July.

8. CHRYSOSPLeNIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4--5, yellow within.

Petals none. Stamens 8--10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.

Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.--Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of ???s??, _golden_, and sp???, _the spleen_; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, _dec.u.mbent_ and forking; _leaves princ.i.p.ally opposite_, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed; _flowers distant_, inconspicuous, _nearly sessile_ (greenish tinged with yellow or purple).--Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn.

2. C. alterniflium, L. _Stems erect; leaves alternate_, reniform-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; _flowers corymbose_.--Decorah, Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.)

9. PARNa.s.sIA, Tourn. GRa.s.s OF PARNa.s.sUS.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cl.u.s.ter of somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base of each.

Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent; anthers introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentae. Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any alb.u.men. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short.--Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parna.s.sus; called Gra.s.s of Parna.s.sus by Dioscorides.)