The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 59

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A tree 10--30 high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1--3'

long; bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous racemes; petals oblong, 6--8" long; fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish, sweet and edible.

(Var. Botryapium, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and La. Fruit ripening in June.--Var.

ROTUNDIFLIA, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-leaved form.

Var. (?) oblongiflia, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6--10 high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose; leaves oblong or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely serrate, 1--2' long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; petals 3--4" long, oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels.--Low moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Mo.--A form of this with broader leaves (broadly elliptical or rounded), often very obtuse at the summit, and rounded, subcordate or acute at base, and usually coa.r.s.ely toothed, is common from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is sometimes cultivated for its fruit.

2. A. oligocarpa, Roem. A low shrub 2--4 high, soon glabrous; leaves thin, _oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate_, 1--2' long; _flowers few_ (1--4), rather long-pedicelled; _petals oblong-obovate; fruit broad-pyriform_, dark purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var.

oligocarpa, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Cold swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and the sh.o.r.es of Lake Superior.

3. A. alniflia, Nutt. A shrub 3--8 high, usually glabrate or nearly so; leaves _somewhat glaucous_ and thickish, _broadly elliptical or roundish_, very _obtuse or rarely acute_, often subcordate at base, _coa.r.s.ely toothed toward the summit_, --2' long; raceme short and rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong, 3--8" long; fruit globose, purple.

(A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, _Torr. & Gray_.)--A western mountain species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich., and which the broad-leaved form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates.

ORDER 34. CALYCANTHaCEae. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.)

_Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute; the fruit like a rose-hip._ Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCaNTHUS, L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones sterile (dest.i.tute of anthers). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.--The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name composed of ?????, _a cup_ or _calyx_, and ?????, _flower_, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.)

1. C. floridus, L. _Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath_.--Virginia(?) and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April--Aug.

2. C. laevigatus, Willd. _Leaves oblong_, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, _bright green and glabrous_ or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath; flowers smaller.--Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (_Prof. Porter_), and southward along the Alleghanies. May--Aug.

3. C. glaucus, Willd. _Leaves_ oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, _conspicuously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath_, roughish above, glabrous, large (4--7' long), probably a variety of the preceding.--Virginia (?) near the mountains and southward. May--Aug.

ORDER 35. SAXIFRAGaCEae. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

_Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from_ Rosaceae _by having copious alb.u.men in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules; the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals_, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.

Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEae. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.

[*] Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.

1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.

2. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.

3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

[*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none.

5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire.

Stamens 10. Placentas nearly basal.

6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Stamens 10.

7. Henchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Stamens 5.

8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none.

Stamens 10.

[*][*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 3--4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cl.u.s.ter of united sterile filaments at the base of each petal.

9. Parna.s.sia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.

Tribe II. HYDRANGEae. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2--5-celled; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular.

[*] Stamens 8 or 10.

10. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.

[*][*] Stamens 20--40.

11. Dec.u.maria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7--10, valvate in the bud.

Filaments subulate. Style 1.

12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4--5, convolute in the bud. Filaments linear. Styles 3--5.

Tribe III. ESCALLONIEae. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2--5-celled. Fruit capsular.

13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.

Tribe IV. RIBESIEae. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.

14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many-seeded.

1. ASTiLBE, Don. FALSE GOATSBEARD.

Flowers diciously polygamous. Calyx 4--5-parted, small. Petals 4--5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many-ovuled; styles 2, short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end.--Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of ?- privative and st???, _a bright surface_, because the foliage is not s.h.i.+ning.)

1. A. decandra, Don. Somewhat p.u.b.escent (3--5 high); leaflets mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers, stamens 10.--Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely imitating Spiraea Aruncus, but coa.r.s.er.

2. SAXiFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous.

Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves cl.u.s.tered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from _saxum_, a rock, and _frango_, to break; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

[*] _Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy; leaves opposite; calyx free from the capsule._

1. S. oppositiflia, L. (MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1--2" long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx.--Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.)