The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 87

1. H. Lamarckii, Ca.s.s. Annual or biennial, 1--3 high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.--S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSoPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat.

Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles.--Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of ???s??, _gold_, and ????, _aspect_, from the golden blossoms.)

[*] _Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear._

1. C. graminiflia, Nutt. _Silvery-silky_, with long close-pressed hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; _leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, gra.s.s-like, nerved, s.h.i.+ning_, entire.--Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward.

July--Oct.

2. C. falcata, Ell. _Stems_ (4--10' high) very woolly; _leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved_, entire, _somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy_, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.--Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Ma.s.s. Aug.

[*][*] _Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened._

3. C. gosspina, Nutt. _Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse_ (1--2' long); heads larger than in the next.--Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.--Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. _Silky with long and weak hairs_, or when old smoothish; _leaves oblong_; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.--Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast.

Aug.--Oct.

5. C. villsa, Nutt. _Hirsute and villous-p.u.b.escent_; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; _leaves narrowly oblong, h.o.a.ry with rough p.u.b.escence_ (as also the involucre), _bristly-ciliate_ toward the base.--Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July--Sept. Very variable.--Var. HiSPIDA, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.--Var. CANeSCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed p.u.b.escence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.--Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilsa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous--Kan. and southward.

15. APLOPaPPUS, Ca.s.s.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series.

Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.--Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From ?p????, _simple_, and p?pp??, _pappus_.)

1. A. ciliatus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2--5 high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and cl.u.s.tered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulsus, DC. Perennial, branching, p.u.b.erulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes p.u.b.escent.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricatus, Gray. Annual, 1--2 high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-p.u.b.escent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.--Southern Kan.

16. BIGELVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads 3--4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.--Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1--3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to _Dr. Jacob Bigelow_, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudata, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1--2 high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.--Low pine barrens, N. J.

(rare), and southward. Sept.

17. SOLIDaGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few--many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1--16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, dest.i.tute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.--Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or cl.u.s.tered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from _solidus_ and _ago_, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42

Heads all more or less pedicelled.

Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2

Involucral scales without green tips.

Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37--40

Heads small, mostly cl.u.s.tered in the axils of feather-veined leaves 3--7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10--12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29--32

p.u.b.escent or scabrous 33--36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seash.o.r.e 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14--17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire 18--20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate 21--28

-- 1. VIRGAuREA. _Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled._

[*] _Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in cl.u.s.ters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike._

1. S. squarrsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5 high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16--24, the rays 12--16.--Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely h.o.a.ry or downy; stem strict, simple (1--3 high); leaves small (--2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the p.u.b.escent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.--S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.--The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] _Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed._