The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 86

[*][*][*] _Heads 8--30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white._

14. E. ageratodes, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3 high); _leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coa.r.s.ely and sharply toothed, long-petioled_, thin (3--5' long); corymbs compound.--Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromatic.u.m, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; _leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed_, thickish.--Copses, Ma.s.s. to Va., and southward, near the coast.--Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

-- 2. CONOCLiNIUM. _Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated._

16. E. clestnum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat p.u.b.escent (1--2 high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coa.r.s.ely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium clestinum, _DC._)--Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept.

6. KuHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10--25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles.--A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to _Dr. Kuhn_, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnaeus.)

1. K. eupatoriodes, L. Stems 2--3 high; p.u.b.escence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.--Dry soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.--Var.

CORYMBULSA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more p.u.b.escent, the heads rather crowded.

7. BRICKeLLIA, Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (_Dr. John Brickell_ of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.)

1. B. grandiflra, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2--3 high; leaves deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coa.r.s.ely dentate-serrate, ac.u.minate, 4' long or less; heads about 40-flowered.--Shannon Co., Mo.

(_Bush_), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIaTRIS, Schreb. b.u.t.tON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR.

Head discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed.

Pappus of 15--40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.--Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

[*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers._

1. L. elegans, Willd. Stem (2--3 high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3--20'

long).--Barren soil, Va. and southward.

[*][*] _Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within._

2. L. squarrsa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, etc.) Often hairy (6'--2 high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1' long); _scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips._--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward.--Var. INTERMeDIA, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or nearly so.--Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6--18' high); leaves linear; _heads_ few (--{2/3}' long); _scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate appressed tips._--Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

[*][*][*] _Pappus very plumose; heads 4--6-flowered; scales ac.u.minate; corolla-lobes naked._

4. L. punctata, Hook. Stout (10--30' high), from a branching or globose rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually many in a dense spike.--Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] _Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside._

5. L. scarisa, Willd. Stem stout (2--5 high), p.u.b.escent or h.o.a.ry; _leaves_ (smooth, rough, or p.u.b.escent) _lanceolate_; the lowest _oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong_, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25--40-flowered; _scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins._--Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.--Widely variable; heads 1' or less in diameter.

6. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3--5 high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; _spike thick and dense_ (6--20' long), heads about 5-flowered (' long); _scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips_.--Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.

7. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2--5 high); leaves linear, the lower 3--5-nerved; heads 8--12-flowered ({1/3}--' long), crowded in a long spike; _scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes p.u.b.escent or smoothish_.--Moist grounds; common from Ma.s.s. to Minn., and southward.--Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montana, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large.--Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminiflia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1--3 high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7--12-flowered; _scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy_.--Va. and southward.--Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate.--Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRiLISA, Ca.s.s.

Heads discoid, 5--10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.--Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of _Liatris_.)

1. T. odoratissima, Ca.s.s. (VANILLA-PLANT.) _Very smooth; leaves pale_, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; _heads corymbed_. (Liatris odoratissima, _Willd._)--Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.--Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculata, Ca.s.s. _Viscid-hairy_; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, _heads panicled_. (Liatris paniculata, _Willd._)--Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERReZIA, Lag.

Heads few--several-flowered, radiate; rays 1--6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.--Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From _Gutierrez_, a n.o.ble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthamiae, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1--2' long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.--Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

11. AMPHIaCHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5--10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile.

Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.--A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From ?f?, _around_, and ??????, _chaff_.)

1. A. dracunculodes, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10--20, their pappus of 5--8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.--Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDeLIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2--8 caducous awns. Coa.r.s.e perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. _Grindel_, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarrsa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.--Prairies, Minn., southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.--Var. NuDA, Gray. Rays wanting.

About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; awns 2.--Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHeCA, Ca.s.s.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles.--(From ?te???, _different_, and ????, _case_, alluding to the unlike achenes.)