The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 85

1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward.

[*][*] _Heads ' high or less, 15--40-flowered._

[+] _Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire._

2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; scales obtuse or acute.--Plains of Neb. and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined._

3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene smooth.--Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the ribs.--Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.--Heads variable, 2--4" high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var.

GRANDIFLRA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35--40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.--Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latiflia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or ac.u.minate.--Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre h.o.a.ry-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or ac.u.minate.--Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Pa.s.ses into n. 4.

3. SCLERoLEPIS, Ca.s.s.

Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost h.o.r.n.y oval and obtuse scales.--A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4--6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of s??????, _hard_, and ?ep??, _a scale_, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillata, Ca.s.s.--In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.

4. MIKaNIA, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small.

Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.--Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for _Prof. Mikan_, of Prague.)

1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.--Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward.

July--Sept.

5. EUPATRIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads discoid, 3--many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles.--Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to _Eupator Mithridates_, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

-- 1. EUPATORIUM proper. _Receptacle flat._

[*] _Heads cylindrical, 5--15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers._

1. E. purpureum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. TRUMPET-WEED.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3--6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.--Varies greatly in size (2--12 high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc.,--including several nominal species.--Low grounds; common.

Var. am'num, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, 3--5-flowered.--Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

[*][*] _Heads 3--20-flowered; involucre 8--15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white._

[+] _Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3--5-flowered._

2. E. fniculaceum, Willd. (DOG-FENNEL.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3--10 high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted, filiform.--Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

[+][+] _Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12--15-flowered, in compound corymbs._

3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-p.u.b.escent, bushy-branched (3--7 high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coa.r.s.ely serrate (3--6' long); involucre very p.u.b.escent.--Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

[+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered._

[=] _Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips._

4. E. alb.u.m, L. _Roughish-hairy_ (2 high), _leaves oblong-lanceolate, coa.r.s.ely toothed, veiny_; heads cl.u.s.tered in the corymb; _involucral scales_ closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, _longer than the flowers_.--Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvensum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1--2' long, finely toothed and less veiny.--Long Island and N. J.

5. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely p.u.b.escent, simple (1--2 high); _leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved_, obtuse, _minutely serrate, rough both sides_; corymb h.o.a.ry.--Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.

[=][=] _Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers._

6. E. hyssopiflium, L. Minutely p.u.b.escent (1--2 high); _leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate_, elongated, obtuse, 1--3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, _acute at the base_.--Sterile soil, Ma.s.s. to Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coa.r.s.ely toothed or laciniate.--Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserratum, DC. Minutely velvety-p.u.b.escent, branching (2--3 high); _leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny_, serrate above the middle, _tapering to the base_, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, _Ell._)--Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.--Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3--7 high), _downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved_, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; _scales of the involucre obtuse_, shorter than the flowers.--Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.--Leaves 3--4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

[+][+][+][+] _Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; heads p.u.b.escent._

[=] _Heads 5--8-flowered; leaves not clasping._

9. E. teucriflium, Willd. Roughish-p.u.b.escent (2--8 high); _leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate_, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, veiny, _coa.r.s.ely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate_; branches of the corymb few, unequal; _scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers_.--Low grounds, Ma.s.s. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. E. rotundiflium, L. Downy-p.u.b.escent (2 high); _leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse_, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1--2' long); corymb large and dense; _scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate_, slightly pointed.--Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

Var. ovatum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5--8-flowered. (E. p.u.b.escens, _Muhl._)--Ma.s.s. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessiliflium, L. (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4--6 high), _smooth_, branching; _leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point_, serrate, veiny, smooth (3--6' long); corymb very compound, p.u.b.escent; _scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse_.--Copses and banks, Ma.s.s.

to Ill., and southward along the mountains.

[=][=] _Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; heads mostly 10--15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large._

12. E. perfoliatum, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2--4 high), _hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem_ (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5--8' long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.--Low grounds; common and well-known.--Varies with the heads 30--40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneatum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.--Mo. and southward.

13. E. resinsum, Torr. _Minutely velvety-downy_ (2--3 high); _leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated_, serrate, _partly clasping_, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4--6' long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.--Wet pine barrens, N. J.--Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.