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(_b_) (1). Repet.i.tion.
Examples.--_Refari_ = to make afresh, to remake; _rediri_ = to say again, to repeat (_ripeti_ is, however, more frequently used for "repeat"); _rekanti_ = to sing again; _rejunigi_ = to grow young again; _renaskigo_ = rebirth, regeneration; _repagi_ = to repay, to reimburse; _reenmeti_ = to put in again, to reinstate; _rekunigi_ = to reunite; _rebruligi_ = to rekindle; _reformi_ = to reform, to remodel; _reprodukti_ = to reproduce.
(2). Return, etc.
Examples.--_Redoni_ = to give back, to restore; _repreni_ = to take back; _rejeti_ = to throw back; _resalti_ = to rebound; _rebrili_ = to s.h.i.+ne back, to reflect; _reveni_ = to come back, to return; _reporti_ = to carry back, to carry to the original place.
N.B.--In addition to the 12 prefixes given in pars. 286-290, nearly all the prepositions are in common use as prefixes. Examples of these will be found in par. 259. When prefixed to a verb, the preposition is frequently repeated before the indirect complement (see par. 254).
291. Prefixes SIN- and MEM-.
_SIN-_ and _MEM-_ are used as prefixes to translate the English _-self_. If the idea is reflexive, it is better to use sin-, otherwise mem-. Singardo = _caution_; sinmortigo = _suicide_; sinteno = _att.i.tude_; memstara = _independent_; memvola = _voluntary_.
292. Prefix VIC-.
The prefix _VIC-_ denotes the English _vice-_; vicprezidanto = _a vice-president_; vicadmiralo = _a vice-admiral_.
293. Suffix -ISM-.
The suffix _-ISM-_ was officialized in 1914 with the rather wide meaning given it by international usage in most European languages: _system_, _doctrine_, _school of thought_, _theory_, _party_.
Thus: absolutismo = _absolutism_. Similarly, we have agnostik-, alkohol-, braman-, despot-, epikur-, Esperant-, fatal-, fetic-, homaran-, katolik-, kvaker-, komun-, ideal-, liberal-, mistik-, presbiter-, protestant-, puritan-, radikal-, real-, respublik-, vegetar-ismo.
It does not follow that if from any Esperanto word ending in -ism this syllable is subtracted, the remainder is an Esperanto root.
Thus, -ism is not a suffix in the roots atavism, feminism, optimism, pesimism, silogism, solecism, sofism, any more than ist, in, il, ul, an, are suffixes in the roots optimist, turist; doktrin, vazelin; bacil, asimil; okul, formul; banan, turban, sultan. See par. 52 (_b_).
PART III
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1.
_Article, Nouns, Adjectives (singular),_ (see pars. 96, 103, 107).
(1) Patro kaj frato. (2) Leono estas besto. (3) Rozo estas floro. (4) Kolombo estas birdo. (5) La rozo apartenas al Teodoro. (6) La suno brilas. (7) La patro estas tajloro. (8) Infano ne estas matura h.o.m.o.
(9) La infano jam ne ploras. (10) La cielo estas blua. (11) Kie estas la libro kaj la krajono? (12) La libro estas sur la tablo, kaj la krajono kusas sur la fenestro. (13) Sur la fenestro kusas krajono kaj plumo. (14) Jen estas pomo. (15) Sur la tero kusas stono. (16) Iru al la frato.
TRANSLATION 1.
(1) A father and brother. (2) A lion is an animal. (3) A rose is a flower. (4) A pigeon is a bird. (5) The rose belongs to Theodore. (6) The sun s.h.i.+nes. (7) (The, my, our) father is a tailor. (8) A child is not a mature man. (9) The child no longer cries (already does not cry). (10) The sky (heaven) is blue. (11) Where are the book and the pencil? (12) The book is on the table and the pencil lies on the window. (13) On the window lie a pencil and a pen. (14) Here is an apple. (15) On the ground lies a stone. (16) Go to (the, your) brother.
N.B.--See par. 100 (_a_) as to the use of the article in speaking of one's own relatives.
EXERCISE 2.
_Article, Nouns, Adjectives (accusative and plural),_ (see pars. 66, 96, 103, 107).
(1) Jen estas pomo, kiun mi trovis. (2) La leono estas forta besto.
(3) La dentoj de leono estas akraj. (4) Mi vidas leonon. (5) Kiu kuragas rajdi sur leono? (6) La virino estas bona. (7) Jen kusas la capelo de la patro. (8) Mi amas la filon. (9) La manoj de Johano estas puraj. (10) Mi konas Johanon. (11) La viroj, virinoj kaj infanoj estas en la cambro. (12) La kanto de la birdoj estas agrabla. (13) La kantoj de la birdoj estas agrablaj. (14) La patro donas la librojn al la infanoj. (15) Kie estas la libroj, kiujn vi acetis? (16) Kien vi iras? (17) Mi vidas kelkajn h.o.m.ojn. (18) La knabo forpelis la birdojn. (19) De la patro mi ricevis libron, kaj de la fratoj mi ricevis plumon. (20) Mi legas libron. (21) La patro ne legas libron, sed li skribas leteron.
TRANSLATION 2.
(1) Here is an apple which I found. (2) The lion is a strong animal.
(3) The teeth of a lion (a lion's teeth) are sharp. (4) I see a lion.
(5) Who dares (has courage) to ride on a lion? (6) The woman is good.
(7) Here is (lies) (the, my, our) father's hat. (8) I love the (my) son. (9) John's hands (the hands of John) are clean. (10) I am acquainted with (know) John. (11) The men, women, and children are in the room. (12) The song of birds (birds generally, therefore the article _la_) is agreeable. (13) The songs of birds are agreeable.
(14) The father gives the books to the children. (15) Where are the books which (accus. plu.) you bought? (16) Where (accus.) are you going? (17) I see some men. (18) The boy drove away the birds. (19) From (the, my) father I received a book, and from (the, my) brothers I received a pen. (20) I am reading a book. (21) (The, my, our) father is not reading a book, but he is writing a letter.
EXERCISE 3.
_Adverbs with Grammatical Terminations_ (see pars. 238-248).
(1) Resti kun leono estas dangere.[23] (2) La birdoj gaje flugas, kaj kelkaj goje kantas sur la grandaj arboj. (3) La knaboj kaj (la[24]) knabinoj kuras rapide sur la sablo de la marbordo. (4) La patro agas sage kaj bone, sed la filo lernas malrapide, skribas tre malbone, kaj legas malfacile. (5) Mi vidis Johanon matene, Georgon tagmeze, Arturon posttagmeze, kaj Vilhelmon vespere. (6) Si skribas treege bone. (7) Pripensinte mi faros tion. (8) Certe mi ne estimas lin. (9) Li lernis gin parkere. (10) Kelkafoje mi promenas en la gardeno. (11) Dekstre vi vidos la domon, kaj maldekstre la pregejon.
Footnotes:
[23] Adverb, because there is no noun or p.r.o.noun in the sentence which _dangera_ could qualify (see par. 245).
[24] Before each separate noun it is optional (as in English) to repeat the article or not (see par. 101 (_a_)).
TRANSLATION 3.
(1) To remain with a lion is dangerous. (2) The birds are flying merrily, and some are singing joyfully on the large trees. (3) The boys and girls run quickly on the sand of the seash.o.r.e. (4) The father acts wisely and well, but the son learns slowly, writes very badly, and reads with difficulty. (5) I saw John in the morning, George at mid-day, Arthur in the afternoon, and William in the evening. (6) She writes extremely well. (7) On reflection I shall do that (so). (8) Certainly I do not esteem him. (9) He learnt it by heart. (10) Sometimes I walk in the garden. (11) On the right you will see the house, and on the left the church.
EXERCISE 4.
_Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs--Superlatives_ (see pars. 112, 113, 248).
(1) Mi estas tiel forta, kiel vi. (2) La h.o.m.oj estas tiel fortaj, kiel la cevaloj. (3) La knabinoj ne estas tiel fortaj, kiel la knaboj. (4) Johano estas pli forta, ol Georgo. (5) Si kuras pli rapide, ol vi. (6) Vilhelmo estas malpli forta, ol Karlo. (7) Ju pli mi lin konas, des pli mi lin estimas. (8) Ju malpli mi mangas, des pli mi trinkas. (9) Ju pli mi lin vidas, des malpli li placas al mi.
(10) Mia bastono estas tia sama, kiel (_or_, kia) via. (11) Mia frato amas mian filinon pli, ol mian filon.[25] (12) Mi amas mian filinon pli, ol mia filo.[25] (13) Johano estas la plej forta el la knaboj.
(14) Ili estas la malplej fortaj el ciuj. (15) Georgo estas la malplej kuraga knabo en[26] la lernejo.
Footnotes:
[25] Note the difference in case (see par. 112).
[26] See par. 113 (_b_).