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1. Plutarch, Life of Lysander Life of Lysander 30.35. 30.35.
2. Diodorus, 15.54.3; Xenophon, h.e.l.lenica h.e.l.lenica 6.4.7; Plutarch, 6.4.7; Plutarch, Life of Pelopidas Life of Pelopidas 20.421.1; Plutarch, 20.421.1; Plutarch, Moralia Moralia 856F; Pausanias, 9.13.5. 856F; Pausanias, 9.13.5.
3. K. J. Dover, Greek h.o.m.os.e.xuality Greek h.o.m.os.e.xuality (1978), 19094. (1978), 19094.
4. Xenophon, h.e.l.lenica h.e.l.lenica 7.5.27. 7.5.27.
CHAPTER 17. 17. WOMEN AND CHILDREN WOMEN AND CHILDREN.
1. John M. Oakley, in Jenifer Neils and John H. Oakley, Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Cla.s.sical Past Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Cla.s.sical Past (2003), 174, and catalogue 115, on pp. 162 and 174. (2003), 174, and catalogue 115, on pp. 162 and 174.
2. Aeschines, 3.778.
3. D. Ogden, Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy (1996), 199203. (1996), 199203.
4. Plato Comicus F143 and F188, with James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998), 118. (1998), 118.
5. L. Llewellyn-Jones, Aphrodite's Tortoise Aphrodite's Tortoise (2003), is important here, citing (p. 62) Heracleides Criticus, 1.18; compare (2003), is important here, citing (p. 62) Heracleides Criticus, 1.18; compare Tanagra, mythe et archeologie Tanagra, mythe et archeologie, Louvre catalogue 15 September 20035 January 2004 (Paris, 2003), which is excellent, especially number 101 from Athens (a veiled prost.i.tute?).
6. Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m, volume XV (1958), 384 and J. M. Hannick, in Antiquite Cla.s.sique Antiquite Cla.s.sique (1976), 13348. (1976), 13348.
7. Justin, Epitome Epitome 7.5.49. 7.5.49.
CHAPTER 18. 18. PHILIP OF MACEDON PHILIP OF MACEDON.
1. Arrian, Indica Indica 18.67; on Aristotle's view, note the case advanced by P. A. Brunt, 18.67; on Aristotle's view, note the case advanced by P. A. Brunt, Studies in Greek History and Thought Studies in Greek History and Thought (1993), 3346. (1993), 3346.
2. E. Voutiras, Revue des etudes Grecques Revue des etudes Grecques (1996), 678, with (1996), 678, with Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m, volume XLVI (1996), 776, and volume XLIX (1999), 759.
3. Arrian, Anabasis Anabasis 1.10.1, and Diodorus, 17.16.3, which I accept, differing from A. B. Bosworth, 1.10.1, and Diodorus, 17.16.3, which I accept, differing from A. B. Bosworth, Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander, volume I (1980), 97, who credits Arrian with an 'error'.
4. Plutarch, Life of Alexander Life of Alexander 39.23. 39.23.
5. M. W. d.i.c.kie, in Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 109 (1995), 816 and L. Rossi, ibid. 112 (1996), 59; Poseidippus F44 (ed. AustinBastiniani).
6. Ps.-Demosthenes, 17.15.
7. Plutarch, Moralia Moralia 179 CD. 179 CD.
CHAPTER 19. 19. THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS.
1. Plato, Republic Republic 558C; the entire section, starting at 555B, is brilliantly malign. 558C; the entire section, starting at 555B, is brilliantly malign.
2. Plato, Laws Laws 636BD4; 836B8C7; 836D9E4; 841D45; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix used to lecture with great force on Plato as the first attested 'h.o.m.ophobe', citing the 636BD4; 836B8C7; 836D9E4; 841D45; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix used to lecture with great force on Plato as the first attested 'h.o.m.ophobe', citing the Laws Laws, including Laws Laws 636C5 which applies, too, to 'lesbians'. 636C5 which applies, too, to 'lesbians'.
3. Laws Laws 907E910D; for 'corrective' punishment, T. J. Saunders, 907E910D; for 'corrective' punishment, T. J. Saunders, Plato's Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy and Reform in Greek Penology Plato's Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy and Reform in Greek Penology (1991) is a fine study. (1991) is a fine study.
4. Aristotle, Meteorologica Meteorologica 1.352A30, F13 (Rose), F25 (Rose), 1.352A30, F13 (Rose), F25 (Rose), Metaphysics Metaphysics 1074 B114. 1074 B114.
5. Aristotle, History of Animals History of Animals 523A18 and 523A18 and Generation of Animals Generation of Animals 736A1112. 736A1112.
6. Aristotle, Politics Politics 1254A20, explicitlyappealing to ' 1254A20, explicitlyappealing to 'ta gignomena' as proof that slaves exist: 'natural slavery' is not just a theoretical construct of his thinking. P. A. Brunt, Studies in Greek History and Thought Studies in Greek History and Thought (1993), 34388, is the definitive study on this issue. (1993), 34388, is the definitive study on this issue.
7. Aristotle, Politics Politics 1260A12. 1260A12.
8. To the texts in Brunt, Studies in Greek History and Thought Studies in Greek History and Thought, 28890, a sceptical view, we can add on Cotys' death, Philostratus, Life of Apollonius Life of Apollonius 7.2 and on Clearchus', Justin, 7.2 and on Clearchus', Justin, Epitome Epitome 16.5.1213, Philodemus, 16.5.1213, Philodemus, Index Academicorum Index Academicorum 6.13 (Dorandi) and the fiction in I. During, 6.13 (Dorandi) and the fiction in I. During, Chion of Heraclea Chion of Heraclea (1951). Memnon 434F1 (Jacoby) says Clearchus himself had 'heard Plato'. (1951). Memnon 434F1 (Jacoby) says Clearchus himself had 'heard Plato'.
9. Aristotle F668 (Rose).
10. Aristotle, On the Heavens On the Heavens 297A38. 297A38.
11. Duris, in Athenaeus 12.542D; Diogenes Laertius, 5.75 (the statues); William W. Fortenbaugh and Eckart Schutrumpf, Demetrius of Phaleron Demetrius of Phaleron, texts and translation (2000).
12. Diogenes Laertius, 5.38; C. Hab.i.+.c.ht, Athens from Alexander to Antony Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997), 73, and the fine studyin his (1997), 73, and the fine studyin his Athen in h.e.l.lenisticher Zeit: Gesammelte Aufsatze Athen in h.e.l.lenisticher Zeit: Gesammelte Aufsatze (1994), 23147. (1994), 23147.
CHAPTER 20. 20. FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS.
1. Jacob Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization The Greeks and Greek Civilization, abridged and translated by Sheila Stern (1998), 28990.
2. Ps.-Demosthenes, 50.26.
3. G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), 3716. (1972), 3716.
4. S. Lewis, News and Society in the Greek Polis News and Society in the Greek Polis (1996), 10215. (1996), 10215.
5. D. M. Lewis, Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History (1997), 21229. (1997), 21229.
6. J. K. Davies, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1967), 3340. (1967), 3340.
7. W. K. Pritchett, The Greek State at War The Greek State at War, part V (1991), 47385, is essential here.
8. I disagree with D. M. MacDowell, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1986), 43849 (an important paper), and incline more (but not wholly) to A. H. M. Jones, (1986), 43849 (an important paper), and incline more (but not wholly) to A. H. M. Jones, Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy (1957), 289. (1957), 289.
9. W. C. Arnott, in Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies (1959), 789. (1959), 789.
10. Theophrastus, Characters Characters 4.11, 21.5, and R. J. Lane Fox, in 4.11, 21.5, and R. J. Lane Fox, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (1996), 147, and notes 21013. (1996), 147, and notes 21013.
11. Theophrastus, Characters Characters 23.2, with Lane Fox, op. cit. (note 10), 147 and note 208. 23.2, with Lane Fox, op. cit. (note 10), 147 and note 208.
12. K. Hallof and C. Hab.i.+.c.ht, in Mitteilungen der deutschen Archaologischen Inst.i.tut (Athenische) Mitteilungen der deutschen Archaologischen Inst.i.tut (Athenische), 110 (1995), 273303; Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m, volume XLV (1995), 300306.
13. Xenophon, Ways and Means Ways and Means 1.1. 1.1.
14. Demosthenes, 10.3645.
CHAPTER 21. 21. ALEXANDER THE GREAT ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
1. Herodotus, 6.69.23; Plutarch, Life of Lysander Life of Lysander 26.1; Plutarch, 26.1; Plutarch, Moralia Moralia 338B. Aristander (Alexander's own 338B. Aristander (Alexander's own mantis mantis) is named in Origen, Against Celsus Against Celsus 7.8, a neglected and important citation. 7.8, a neglected and important citation.
2. Arrian, Anabasis Anabasis 6.19.4. 6.19.4.
3. Nearchus, Indica Indica 40.8. 40.8.
4. P. J. Rhodes and R. G. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions 404323 BC Greek Historical Inscriptions 404323 BC (2000), 433. (2000), 433.
5. Duris, in Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae Deipnosophistae 4.155C. 4.155C.
6. Arrian, Anabasis Anabasis 7.26.1. 7.26.1.
CHAPTER 22. 22. ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS 1. Abraham J. Sachs and Hermann Hunger, Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, volume I (1988), 207.
2. Plutarch, Moralia Moralia 180D; I owe an 'empire of the best' to Guy Rogers of Wellesley College. 180D; I owe an 'empire of the best' to Guy Rogers of Wellesley College.
3. Arrian, Anabasis Anabasis 7.12.4. 7.12.4.
4. Diodorus, 18.4.4.
5. Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes Life of Demosthenes 31.5. 31.5.
6. W. W. Tarn, Antigonus Gonatas Antigonus Gonatas (1913), 18. (1913), 18.
7. Libanius, Oration Oration 49.12; earlier, Herodian, 4.8.9. 49.12; earlier, Herodian, 4.8.9.
8. E. J. Bickermann, in E. Yarshater (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran The Cambridge History of Iran, volume III (1) (1983), 7, a brilliant overview.
9. H. W. Parke, The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor (1985), 4455, and L. Robert, in (1985), 4455, and L. Robert, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1984), 16772. (1984), 16772.
10. Theocritus, Idyll Idyll 14.61. 14.61.
CHAPTER 23. 23. LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES.
1. W. W. Tarn, Antigonus Gonatas Antigonus Gonatas (1913), 185 and note 60, for all the evidence. (1913), 185 and note 60, for all the evidence.
2. P. Leriche, in Bulletin d'etudes Orientales Bulletin d'etudes Orientales (2000), 99125. (2000), 99125.
3. Diodorus, 18.70.1.
4. E. E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1983) for the details; D. J. Thompson, in Leon Mooren (ed.), (1983) for the details; D. J. Thompson, in Leon Mooren (ed.), Politics, Administration and Society... Studia h.e.l.lenistica Politics, Administration and Society... Studia h.e.l.lenistica, 36 (2000), 36588, particularly on the dating problem.
5. D. B. Thompson, Troy: The Terracotta Figurines of the h.e.l.lenistic Period Troy: The Terracotta Figurines of the h.e.l.lenistic Period (1963), 46. (1963), 46.
6. J. D. Lerner, in Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 142 (2003), 45, for the papyrus and the full bibliography.
7. Dorothy Burr Thompson, Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience (1973), 78, a superb study. (1973), 78, a superb study.
8. A controversial view, for which I can now cite the full study of P. F. Mittag, in Historia Historia (2003), 162208. (2003), 162208.
9. W. Clarysse, in L. Mooren (ed.), op. cit. (n. 4), 2943 for these visits.
10. Maryline Parca, in L. Mooren (ed.), Le Role et le statut de la femme Le Role et le statut de la femme..., Studia h.e.l.lenistica 37 (2002), 28396, for similar aggressive cases concerning women.
CHAPTER 24. 24. THE NEW WORLD THE NEW WORLD.
1. J. B. Connelly, in T. Fahd (ed.), L'Arabie preislamique et son environnement historique et culturel L'Arabie preislamique et son environnement historique et culturel (1989), 14558, especially 14951. (1989), 14558, especially 14951.
2. Theophrastus, 'History' of Plants 'History' of Plants 8.4.5. 8.4.5.
3. Pytheas, F7A lines 1620 (H. J. Mette).
4. Hippolochus' Letter Letter, in Athenaeus 4.128C130D, a marvellous text which Athenaeus already quotes as a rarely known one.
5. Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. Hist. Plant. 5.8.13, on 'Italy' and the 'land of the Latins', not fully considered by P. M. Fraser, in S. Hornblower (ed.), 5.8.13, on 'Italy' and the 'land of the Latins', not fully considered by P. M. Fraser, in S. Hornblower (ed.), Greek Historiography Greek Historiography (1994), 1825; for Italy, note 2.8.1, 4.5.6 (Italia pasa); 3.17.8 (Lipari isles) and so on. (1994), 1825; for Italy, note 2.8.1, 4.5.6 (Italia pasa); 3.17.8 (Lipari isles) and so on.
6. Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. Hist. Plant. 7.11.4. 7.11.4.
7. P. M. Fraser, in Afghan Studies Afghan Studies, 34 (1982) 53, where 'Alexandreusin en astois' (obviously acceptable wording for a verse-dedication, not a civic decree) should, pace pace Fraser, be restored. Fraser, be restored.
8. Diodorus, 1.74; P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria Ptolemaic Alexandria, volume I (1972), 502: 'that is the voice of the anti-democratic Greek as it maybe heard at anytime in the fifth and fourth centuries BC.'
