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6. Lancel (1997: 437).
7. Such colonies included Seleuceia on the Tigris, Seleuceia on the Eulaeus-none other than Susa, formerly the Elamite and Persian capital-and modern Ai Khanum in the Bactrian far east, i.e. modern Afghanistan (Wiesehofer 2001: 111-12).
8. Pritchard (1969: 56): Inanna's Descent to the Nether World (trans. S. N. Kramer).
9. Tsereteli (1959 [1912]).
10. Expounded in Schmandt-Besserat (1997).
11. Hallo (1974: 185-6); the Hymn to Inanna is translated in Pritchard (1969: 579-82).
12. Pritchard (1969: 496): Love Song to a King (trans. S. N. Kramer), slightly adapted.
13. Pritchard (1969: 652): Ua-aua, a Sumerian lullaby (trans. S. N. Kramer), slightly adapted; 14. Thomsen (1984: 293-4), quoting from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107(4), pp. 1-12; (trans. S. N. Kramer), slightly adapted. 15. Pritchard (1969: 651): The Curse of Agade, vv. 279-81 (trans S. N. Kramer); 16. McAlpin (1981:60). 17. Malbran-Labat (1996: 56). 18. Wiesehofer (2001: 10). 19. Diakonoff (1985:24). 20. Hallo (1974: 184). 21. Kramer (1979: 39). 22. This is the a.n.a.lysis of Malbran-Labat (1996). 23. Roux (1992: 276). 24. Sawyer (1999: 14). 25. Oded (1979); Oded, quoted in Garelli (1982: 438); and Roux (1992: 308). 26. Pritchard (1969: 284): from a display inscription in Sargon II's show capital of Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin). 27. Tadmor (1982: 451). 28. Parpola (1999) claims it was quite deliberate: 'The Aramaization of a.s.syria was a calculated policy aimed at creating national unity and ident.i.ty of a kind that could never have been achieved, had the Empire remained a loose conglomeration of a plethora of different nations and languages.' 29. Garelli (1982:442). 30. Kaufman (1997: 114-15). 31. Dietrich (1967: 87-90). 32. ibid.: 90, citing Dietrich (1979: item 10). 33. Kaufman (1974: 165-70). And Parpola (1999) notes a slip of the stylus in Ashurbanipal's library copy of Gilgamesh (mid-seventh century), which could only have been made by an Aramaic speaker: the glyph for 'lord' (mara in Aramaic) in place of that for 'son' (mara in Akkadian). 34. Pritchard (1969: 317): Historical doc.u.ments, 5. Antiochus Soter (trans. F. H. Weissbach). 35. ibid.: 136: Poems about Baal and Anath, f.C (trans. H. L. Ginsberg). 36. Genesis xxvii.28 and 39. See also Gordon (1971: 122). 37. Ezekiel xxvii.3-11, 25-6, 32. 38. Lancel (1997: 357); Cribb et al. (1999: 225, 227). 39. Augustine, Letters, xvii.2 (Letter to Maximus Madaurus). 40. Pliny, Naturalis Historia, xviii.22. 41. Hanno, Periplus (Codex Palatinus Graecus 398, fols 55r-56r). 42. Augustine, Sermones, clxvii.4. 43. Plautus, Poenulus, 930-1028. 44. ibid., 1002-12: the translations of the Punic follow Sznycer (1967: 141-3). 45. Livy, xxviii.46.16. 46. Kaufman (1997: 115). 47. Greenfield (1985: 708); Polotsky (1971). 48. Thucydides, iv.50. 49. Daniel i.4. 50. Lemaire and Lozachmeur (1996: pa.s.sim). 51. Greenfield (1985: 701, n. 2). 52. Pritchard (1969: 428): The Words of Ahiqar (trans. H. L. Ginsberg). 53. ibid.: 491: Letters of the Jews in Elephantine (trans. H. L. Ginsberg). 54. Schlumberger et al. (1958). 55. Henning(1949). 56. There is one curse-tablet of the fourth century BC, recently discovered at the Macedonian capital, Pella, which suggests that it was a variant Greek dialect, of the north-western type (Voutyras 1994). 57. Brock (1989: 19). 58. Saeki (1937). 59. Their paradoxical use of English to protect the use of German is described in Johnson-Weiner (1999). 60. Described from a Welsh learner's viewpoint by Pam Petro (Petro 1997: 259-319). 61. Hadith of disputed authenticity. Al-Tabrizi (1985: 6006). 62. Attempted in Miquel (1968) and Planhol (1968). 63. Qur'an, xcvi.1-2. Tantalisingly, the last word here is also often translated as 'blood clot'. The semantic root of 'alaqin seems to be the idea of clinging. 64. Braudel (1993: 72), quoting the Arab historian Baladhori. 65. Lewis (1995: 184-6). 66. Frye (1993:99). 67. ibid.: 123. 68. ibid.: 169. 69. ibid.: 113. 70. ibid.: 169. 71. Guichard (2000: 143), quoting Jean-Pierre Molenat. 72. Corriente (1992:34). 73. Haddadou (1993: 87). 74. Ibn Khaldun, quoted in Ellingham et al. (2001: 552); this thirteenth-century author also wrote a history of the Berbers. 75. Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimat, quoted in Armstrong (2000: 90). 76. Shaw (1976: 5). 77. Schoff (1912). 78. Hourani (1995: 92-7). 79. Dalby (1998: 591-5). 80. Clauson (2002: 50, 183). 81. 'Abd al-Ghani (1929). 82. Mango (1999: 496). 83. Khaulavi (1979, vol. ii: 37). 84. Braudel (1993:45). 85. ibid.: 112. 86. ibid.: 41-2. 4 Triumphs of Fertility: Egyptian and Chinese 1. trans. Lichtheim (1973: 52). 2. trans. Soothill (1910: 73-4). 3. Pritchard (1969: 415). 4. Erman (1894: 544). 5. ibid.: 106. 6. ibid.: 244. 7. Noted by Loprieno (1995: 71). 8. Moran (1992: xx-xxi). 9. Bacchylides (1961: 14-16), frag. 20B; also Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1361. 10. Greenfield (1985: 701, n. 2). 11. See Loprieno (1995). 12. Johnson (1999: 177); Dodson (2001: 90, 92). 13. According to the Cairene Arab Maqrizi (1365-1442), reported in Lipinski (1997: 29). 14. By the Translators' Bureau in late imperial times: Ramsey (1987: 32).
