Known And Unknown_ A Memoir Part 42

23. Coalition Provisional Authority, "Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period," adopted March 8, 2004. Coalition Provisional Authority, "Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period," adopted March 8, 2004.

24. Department of Defense news transcript, "Defense Department Operational Update briefing," April 20, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Defense Department Operational Update briefing," April 20, 2004.

25. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "Sunni Engagement," December 19, 2003. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "Sunni Engagement," December 19, 2003.

26. Rumsfeld to Bremer, "Sunni Outreach," April 12, 2004. Rumsfeld to Bremer, "Sunni Outreach," April 12, 2004.

27. Glen D. Shaffer, Director for Intelligence (J-2) to Myers et al., "The Importance of the Tribes in Post-Saddam Iraq," April 8, 2003. Glen D. Shaffer, Director for Intelligence (J-2) to Myers et al., "The Importance of the Tribes in Post-Saddam Iraq," April 8, 2003.

28. Bing West, Bing West, No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah (New York: Bantam Books, 2005), p. 61. (New York: Bantam Books, 2005), p. 61.

29. Stephan Faris, "Islamic Justice: The Religious Militia Muscles In," Stephan Faris, "Islamic Justice: The Religious Militia Muscles In," Time, Time, March 1, 2004. March 1, 2004.

30. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "SADR," August 30, 2003. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "SADR," August 30, 2003.

31. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "SADR," August 30, 2003. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., "SADR," August 30, 2003.

32. OSD Policy, "Apprehension of Moqtada al Sadr," January 7, 2004. OSD Policy, "Apprehension of Moqtada al Sadr," January 7, 2004.

33. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, "Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On," Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, "Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On," New York Times, New York Times, April 26, 2004. April 26, 2004.

34. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, "Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On," Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, "Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On," New York Times, New York Times, April 26, 2004. April 26, 2004.

35. Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, Amba.s.sador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 13536. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 13536.

36. Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Decision Not to Go After Sadr," December 6, 2005. Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Decision Not to Go After Sadr," December 6, 2005.

37. Paul Bremer, statement to the Iraqi people, March 3, 2004; Paul Bremer, statement on UN Envoy Lakhdar Brahaimi's announcement regarding Iraq's political transition, April 14, 2004. Paul Bremer, statement to the Iraqi people, March 3, 2004; Paul Bremer, statement on UN Envoy Lakhdar Brahaimi's announcement regarding Iraq's political transition, April 14, 2004.

38. Dexter Filkins, "U.S. Transfers Power to Iraq 2 Days Early," Dexter Filkins, "U.S. Transfers Power to Iraq 2 Days Early," New York Times, New York Times, June 29, 2004. June 29, 2004.

PART TWELVE Wartime Detention Wartime Detention 1. Department of Defense, "DoD Chains of Command until 19 Nov 03 (Abu Ghraib abuses: SepDec 03)," undated. Department of Defense, "DoD Chains of Command until 19 Nov 03 (Abu Ghraib abuses: SepDec 03)," undated.

2. a.s.sociated Press, "Vatican Calls Prison Abuse a Bigger Blow to U.S. than Sept. 11," a.s.sociated Press, "Vatican Calls Prison Abuse a Bigger Blow to U.S. than Sept. 11," USA Today, USA Today, May 12, 2004. May 12, 2004.

3. Tom Curry, "Will Rumsfeld Survive Abuse Scandal?" MSNBC, May 6, 2004. Tom Curry, "Will Rumsfeld Survive Abuse Scandal?" MSNBC, May 6, 2004.

4. Edward Kennedy, statement, "The Prisoner Abuse Resolution," 108th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 150, no. 64, May 10, 2004, p. S5058. Edward Kennedy, statement, "The Prisoner Abuse Resolution," 108th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 150, no. 64, May 10, 2004, p. S5058.

5. Colin Powell, interviewed by Larry King, Colin Powell, interviewed by Larry King, Larry King Live, Larry King Live, CNN, May 4, 2004. CNN, May 4, 2004.

6. Seymour M. Hersh, "Torture at Abu Ghraib," Seymour M. Hersh, "Torture at Abu Ghraib," The New Yorker, The New Yorker, May 10, 2004. May 10, 2004.

7. Al Gore, remarks, New York University, New York, May 26, 2004. Al Gore, remarks, New York University, New York, May 26, 2004.

8. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 5, 2004. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 5, 2004.

9. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004.

10. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004.

11. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, "Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld," May 7, 2004.

12. "Death in the Night," "Death in the Night," Time, Time, May 5, 1952. May 5, 1952.

13. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 9, 2004. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 9, 2004.

14. Kate Zernike, "Cited as Symbol of Abu Ghraib, Man Admits He Is Not in Photo," Kate Zernike, "Cited as Symbol of Abu Ghraib, Man Admits He Is Not in Photo,"New York Times, March 18, 2006. March 18, 2006.

15. "Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques" (Church Report), May 11, 2004. "Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques" (Church Report), May 11, 2004.

16. "Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations" (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004. "Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations" (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004.

17. "Report on Detention and Corrections Operations in Iraq" (MG Ryder Report), November 5, 2003; "a.s.sessment of DoD Counterterrorism Interrogation andDetention Operations in Iraq" (MG Miller Report), September 9, 2003; "Taguba Report with Annexes (AR 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade)," March 12, 2004; "Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations andDetainee Interrogation Techniques" (Church Report), May 11, 2004; "CFC-A AODetainee Operations: Report of Inspection" (Jacoby Report), June 26, 2004; Department of the Army Inspector General, "Detainee Operations Inspection" (Mikolashek Report), July 21, 2004; "Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations" (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004; "Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib" (Fay/Jones Report), August 25, 2004; "Article 15-6 Investigation of CJSOTF-AP and 5th SF Group Detention Operations" (For-mica Investigation), October 10, 2004; "a.s.sessment of Detainee Medical Operations for OEF, Gitmo, and OIF" (LTG Kiley Medical Review), May 24, 2005; "Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility" (Schmidt-Furlow Report), June 9, 2005; "Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse," August 25, 2006. "Report on Detention and Corrections Operations in Iraq" (MG Ryder Report), November 5, 2003; "a.s.sessment of DoD Counterterrorism Interrogation andDetention Operations in Iraq" (MG Miller Report), September 9, 2003; "Taguba Report with Annexes (AR 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade)," March 12, 2004; "Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations andDetainee Interrogation Techniques" (Church Report), May 11, 2004; "CFC-A AODetainee Operations: Report of Inspection" (Jacoby Report), June 26, 2004; Department of the Army Inspector General, "Detainee Operations Inspection" (Mikolashek Report), July 21, 2004; "Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations" (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004; "Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib" (Fay/Jones Report), August 25, 2004; "Article 15-6 Investigation of CJSOTF-AP and 5th SF Group Detention Operations" (For-mica Investigation), October 10, 2004; "a.s.sessment of Detainee Medical Operations for OEF, Gitmo, and OIF" (LTG Kiley Medical Review), May 24, 2005; "Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility" (Schmidt-Furlow Report), June 9, 2005; "Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse," August 25, 2006.

18. Rumsfeld, "Memorandum," June 1, 2004. Rumsfeld, "Memorandum," June 1, 2004.

CHAPTER 38 The Least Worst Place The Least Worst Place.

1. Rick Atkinson, Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 19431944 The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 19431944 (New York: Holt, 2008), pp. 11819; Thomas Farragher, "Vengeance at Dachau in Dark Footnote to Death Camp's Liberation, US Soldiers Shocked by Holocaust Executed n.a.z.i SS Troops," (New York: Holt, 2008), pp. 11819; Thomas Farragher, "Vengeance at Dachau in Dark Footnote to Death Camp's Liberation, US Soldiers Shocked by Holocaust Executed n.a.z.i SS Troops," Boston Globe, Boston Globe, July 2, 2001. July 2, 2001.

2. "60,000 Inmates s.e.xually Abused Every Year," a.s.sociated Press, June 23, 2009; "s.e.xual Abuse Behind Bars," "60,000 Inmates s.e.xually Abused Every Year," a.s.sociated Press, June 23, 2009; "s.e.xual Abuse Behind Bars," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, Was.h.i.+ngton Post, September 15, 2009. September 15, 2009.

3. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq," February 3, 2005. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq," February 3, 2005.

4. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001.

5. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001.

6. Ex parte Quirin, Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942). 317 U.S. 1 (1942).

7. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "President's Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism," November 14, 2001.

8. Rumsfeld to Myers, "Status of Taliban and Al Qaida," January 19, 2002. Rumsfeld to Myers, "Status of Taliban and Al Qaida," January 19, 2002.

9. David Hackett Fischer, David Hackett Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 379. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 379.

10. Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Time, Time, December 1, 2001. December 1, 2001.

11. Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Time, Time, December 1, 2001. December 1, 2001.

12. Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Time, Time, December 1, 2001. December 1, 2001.

13. Carlotta Gall, "In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing," Carlotta Gall, "In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing," New York Times, New York Times, November 30, 2001. November 30, 2001.

14. Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Alex Perry, "Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi," Time, Time, December 1, 2001. December 1, 2001.

15. Ronald Reagan, "Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions," January 29, 1987. Ronald Reagan, "Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions," January 29, 1987.

16. Ronald Reagan, "Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions," January 29, 1987. Ronald Reagan, "Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions," January 29, 1987.

17. Editorial, "Hijacking the Geneva Conventions," Editorial, "Hijacking the Geneva Conventions," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, Was.h.i.+ngton Post, February 18, 1987. February 18, 1987.

18. Editorial, "Denied: A s.h.i.+eld for Terrorists," Editorial, "Denied: A s.h.i.+eld for Terrorists," New York Times, New York Times, February 17, 1987. February 17, 1987.

19. Editorial, "The Guantanamo Story," Editorial, "The Guantanamo Story," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, Was.h.i.+ngton Post, January 25, 2002; editorial, "Justice at Guantanamo," January 25, 2002; editorial, "Justice at Guantanamo," New York Times, New York Times, January 29, 2002. January 29, 2002.

20. Eric Holder, interviewed by Paula Zahn, Eric Holder, interviewed by Paula Zahn, American Morning with Paula Zahn, American Morning with Paula Zahn, CNN, January 28, 2002. CNN, January 28, 2002.

21. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War," Article 17, Geneva, August 12, 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War," Article 17, Geneva, August 12, 1949.

22. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War," Article 25, Geneva, August 12, 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), "Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War," Article 25, Geneva, August 12, 1949.

23. Richard A. Clarke, "Blinded by Hindsight," Richard A. Clarke, "Blinded by Hindsight," New York Times, New York Times, October 1, 2006; WarrenRichey, "Sorting Out Guantanamo Detainees," October 1, 2006; WarrenRichey, "Sorting Out Guantanamo Detainees," Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, January 22, 2009; Charlie Savage and Scott Shane, "Terror-War Fallout Lingers Over Bush Lawyers," January 22, 2009; Charlie Savage and Scott Shane, "Terror-War Fallout Lingers Over Bush Lawyers," New York Times, New York Times, March 9, 2009. March 9, 2009.

24. Taft to Gonzales, "Comments on Your Paper on the Geneva Convention," February 2, 2002, as quoted in Jack Goldsmith, Taft to Gonzales, "Comments on Your Paper on the Geneva Convention," February 2, 2002, as quoted in Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 113. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 113.

25. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, "Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan," January 25, 2002. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, "Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan," January 25, 2002.

26. Douglas J. Feith, Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 164; Jay S. Bybee to Gonzales and Haynes, "Re: Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees," January 22, 2002. (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 164; Jay S. Bybee to Gonzales and Haynes, "Re: Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees," January 22, 2002.

27. Katharine Q. Seelye and David E. Sanger, "Bush Reconsiders Stand on Treating Captives of War," Katharine Q. Seelye and David E. Sanger, "Bush Reconsiders Stand on Treating Captives of War," New York Times, New York Times, January 29, 2002. January 29, 2002.

28. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Geneva Convention," February 4, 2002. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Geneva Convention," February 4, 2002.

29. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002.

30. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002.

31. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002. Department of Defense, "Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention," February 3, 2002.

32. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, "Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan," January 25, 2002. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, "Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan," January 25, 2002.

33. Bush to Cheney et al., "Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees," February 7, 2002. Bush to Cheney et al., "Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees," February 7, 2002.

34. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq," February 3, 2005. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., "Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq," February 3, 2005.

35. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "Detention Facilities in the Continental United States," December 27, 2001. Haynes to Rumsfeld, "Detention Facilities in the Continental United States," December 27, 2001.

36. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers," December 27, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers," December 27, 2001.

37. Rumsfeld to Myers and Franks, "Low-Level Enemy Combatants," April 21, 2003. Rumsfeld to Myers and Franks, "Low-Level Enemy Combatants," April 21, 2003.

38. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Making Afghans Responsible for Holding 'Low-Level' Enemy Combatants in the Afghan System," April 21, 2003. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Making Afghans Responsible for Holding 'Low-Level' Enemy Combatants in the Afghan System," April 21, 2003.

39. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Detainees," January 3, 2003. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Detainees," January 3, 2003.

40. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Detainees," January 8, 2003. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Detainees," January 8, 2003.

41. Rumsfeld to Haynes and Feith, "Detainees," April 11, 2003. Rumsfeld to Haynes and Feith, "Detainees," April 11, 2003.

42. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Negotiating Transfer Agreements With Foreign Nations," April 21, 2003. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Negotiating Transfer Agreements With Foreign Nations," April 21, 2003.

43. "Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers," Manchester Doc.u.ment, al-Qaida Training Manual. "Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers," Manchester Doc.u.ment, al-Qaida Training Manual.

44. "Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers," Manchester Doc.u.ment, al-Qaida Training Manual. "Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers," Manchester Doc.u.ment, al-Qaida Training Manual.

45. Michael Isikoffand John Barry, "Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown," Michael Isikoffand John Barry, "Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown," Newsweek, Newsweek, May 9, 2005. May 9, 2005.

46. Mark Whitaker, "The Editor's Desk," Mark Whitaker, "The Editor's Desk," Newsweek, Newsweek, May 23, 2005. May 23, 2005.

47. "Guantanamo Better Than Belgian Prisons: OSCE Expert," Reuters, March 7, 2006. "Guantanamo Better Than Belgian Prisons: OSCE Expert," Reuters, March 7, 2006.

48. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, "Ten Facts about Guantanamo," September 14, 2006; Spc. Shanita Simmons, USA, "Detainee Literacy Rates ImproveThrough Education Programs," American Forces Press Service; Jane Sutton, "Guantanamo Convict Eligible for 'Movie Night,'" Reuters, August 8, 2008. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, "Ten Facts about Guantanamo," September 14, 2006; Spc. Shanita Simmons, USA, "Detainee Literacy Rates ImproveThrough Education Programs," American Forces Press Service; Jane Sutton, "Guantanamo Convict Eligible for 'Movie Night,'" Reuters, August 8, 2008.

49. Chris Hedges, "Ex-Judge vs. the Government's Law-Free Zone," Chris Hedges, "Ex-Judge vs. the Government's Law-Free Zone," New York Times, New York Times, February 6, 2004; Johan Steyn, "Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole," Twenty-Seventh FA Mann Lecture, British Inst.i.tute of International and Comparative Law and Herbert Smith, Lincoln's Inn Old Hall, November 25, 2003. February 6, 2004; Johan Steyn, "Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole," Twenty-Seventh FA Mann Lecture, British Inst.i.tute of International and Comparative Law and Herbert Smith, Lincoln's Inn Old Hall, November 25, 2003.

50. Alan Cowell, "U.S. 'Thumbs Its Nose' at Rights, Amnesty Says," Alan Cowell, "U.S. 'Thumbs Its Nose' at Rights, Amnesty Says," New York Times, New York Times, May 26, 2005. May 26, 2005.

51. Dan Balz, "Durbin Defends Guantanamo Comments," Dan Balz, "Durbin Defends Guantanamo Comments," Was.h.i.+ngton Post Was.h.i.+ngton Post, June 17, 2005.

52. Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, "At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantanamo," Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, "At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantanamo," New York Times, New York Times, June 23, 2007; Walter Pincus, "Powell Calls for Closure of Military Prison at Guantanamo," June 23, 2007; Walter Pincus, "Powell Calls for Closure of Military Prison at Guantanamo," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, Was.h.i.+ngton Post, June 11, 2007. June 11, 2007.

53. Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, "At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantanamo," Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, "At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantanamo," New York Times, New York Times, June 23, 2007. June 23, 2007.

54. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Guantanamo Detainees," December 19, 2003. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Guantanamo Detainees," December 19, 2003.

55. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Guantanamo Detainees," December 19, 2003. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., "Guantanamo Detainees," December 19, 2003.

56. Mark H. Buzby, "Guantanamo Is a Model Prison (Really)," Mark H. Buzby, "Guantanamo Is a Model Prison (Really)," Wall Street Journal, Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2008. June 4, 2008.

57. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks to Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce," February 13, 2004. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks to Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce," February 13, 2004.

58. Scott Higham and Peter Finn, "At Least $500 Million Has Been Spent Since 9/11 on Renovating Guantanamo Bay," Scott Higham and Peter Finn, "At Least $500 Million Has Been Spent Since 9/11 on Renovating Guantanamo Bay," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, Was.h.i.+ngton Post, June 7, 2010. June 7, 2010.

59. Barack Obama, executive order, "Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities," January 22, 2009. Barack Obama, executive order, "Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities," January 22, 2009.

CHAPTER 39 The Twentieth Hijacker The Twentieth Hijacker.