Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 226

_Obs._ This forms the EXTRACT OF BARK of the shops. The red and yellow cinchona barks are scarcely ever used for making extracts. Their richness in quinine leads to their almost, exclusive employment for the manufacture of that alkaloid, by which their value is greatly enhanced. As far as our knowledge extends, no other extract of bark than this is either employed or asked for.

3. (From RED BARK:--EXTRACT OF RED CINCHONA, E. OF RED BARK, E. OF OBLONG-LEAVED B.; EXTRACTUM CINCHONae RUBRae, L.)--_a._ (Ph. L.) From red bark, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph. L. (_above_).

_b._ (Ph. L. 1836.) From the decoction.

_Obs._ These extracts are ordered to be kept in two states, the one (SOFT EXTRACT OF CINCHONA; EXTRACTUM CINCHONae MOLLE) for making pills, &c.; the other (HARD EXTRACT OF CINCHONA; EXTRACTUM CINCHONae DURUM) for powdering.--The dose, &c., of all the above are the same.

4. (Dry:--ESSENTIAL SALT OF BARK; EXTRACTUM CINCHONae SICc.u.m, L.)--_a._ (P.

Cod.) From an aqueous infusion of pale bark (prepared by displacement with water at a temperature not above 77 Fahr.), evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup, and then spread thinly and uniformly on earthenware dishes, or sheets of gla.s.s, and dried in a stove, by a very gentle heat.

It is separated from the plates with a knife, and preserved in well-closed phials. Prior to spreading it out on the plates, about 4% or 5% of thick mucilage is commonly added.

_b._ (Ph. Bor.) As the above (nearly).

_c._ (Ph. Hann. 1831.) Similar to the above; but the liquid, when it acquires the consistence of treacle, is diluted with water, and again evaporated to a like consistence; and this dilution and evaporation is repeated until, on the addition of water, it forms a clear solution.--_Dose_, 5 to 25 gr. The product of the last formula is nearly inert, and that of the others possesses little activity.

5. (Fluid:--EXTRACTUM CINCHONae FLUIDUM, L.)--_a._ See LIQUOR OF CINCHONA.

_b._ (Dr Neligan.) From yellow bark, as FLUID EXTRACT OF BUCHU.

6. (Resinous:--ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF BARK; EXTRACTUM CINCHONae ALCOHOLIc.u.m, E. CINCHONae, L.)--_a._ (Ph. E.) From any variety of cinchona bark (in powder), 4 oz.; proof spirit, 24 fl. oz.; prepare a tincture by displacement, distil off most of the spirit, and evaporate the residuum to the consistence of an extract. This is the only EXTRACTUM CINCHONae of the Edinburgh College.

_b._ (Ph. U. S.) Peruvian bark, 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 4 pints; make 4 pints of tincture by displacement; add water to the ma.s.s in the percolator, digest, and obtain 6 pints of infusion; distil off the spirit from the tincture, and evaporate the infusion to the consistence of syrup, then mix the two, and complete the evaporation. More active than the aqueous extract.--_Dose_, 5 to 20 gr.

_c._ (Ellis.) Yellow bark, 2 lbs.; hydrochloric acid, 4 fl. dr.; water, 1 gall.; boil, strain, and repeat the decoction with fresh water and acid; mix the decoctions, filter, and agitate it with fresh-slaked lime, 2-1/2 oz.; filter or decant; dry the residuum, and exhaust it with hot alcohol, q. s.; lastly, evaporate the alcoholic tincture to a pilular consistence.--_Dose_, 1 to 5 gr. Some persons have proposed to call this 'ESSENTIAL SALT OF BARK,'

7. (Vinous:--EXTRACTUM CINCHONae VINOSUM, L.--Ph. Hesse.) Peruvian bark (in powder), 1 part; white wine (sherry), 8 parts; digest 3 days, express, filter, and evaporate.

=Extract of Coc'culus.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF COCCULUS INDICUS, BLACK EXTRACT, EXTRACT (Brewer's), BEER STRENGTHENER, HARD MULTUM; EXTRACTUM COCCULI, E.

C. INDICI, L. _Prep._ From _cocculus indicus_, by decoction. It is kept in two states--one having the consistence of thick treacle; the other, that of a pilular extract. The first is 'put up' in bladders; the last is made into 1/2-lb. rolls, like lead-plaster-or roll-chocolate. It is narcotic and poisonous, and is employed by fraudulent brewers and publicans to give a false strength to their liquors. See COCCULUS INDICUS, BEER, &c.

=Extract of Col'chic.u.m.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF MEADOW SAFFRON, E. OF THE CORMS OF COLCHIc.u.m; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI (B. P.). _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) The expressed juice of fresh colchic.u.m corms, cleared of deposit, boiled, strained, and evaporated to a proper consistency at a temperature of 160 Fahr.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr.

2. (Wholesale.) From the decoction of the dried corms. _Prod._ 50% to 55%.

_Obs._ This extract is given in the usual cases in which colchic.u.m is employed.--_Dose_, 1 to 4 gr., every third or fourth hour. (Thomson.) "A favorite remedy of Dr Hue, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in the early stages of acute rheumatism. The dose is 1 gr. every four hours."

(Pereira.)

3. (Acetic; ACETIC EXTRACT OF MEADOW SAFFRON; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ACETIc.u.m (B. P.)--_a._ (B. P.) Crushed fresh corms, previously peeled, 19; acetic acid, 1; stir together, press, boil, and strain through flannel, and evaporate to a soft extract.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 gr. with an equal weight of liquorice powder.

_b._ (Wholesale.) Dried corms, 14 lbs.; acetic acid (pyroligneous), 6 pints; distilled water, 5-1/4 gall.; digest for 14 days, express, filter, and evaporate. Product, 2-1/2 to 3 lbs.

_Obs._ The above extracts are generally prepared from the dried corms, and hence the very uncertain and inferior quality of those commonly met with.

They also possess less activity than pharmacopial preparations. They rapidly get dry and crumbly, and, unless a little spirit and oil of cloves are added, will scarcely keep a week in warm weather without becoming mouldy.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr. two or three times a day. It is much stronger than the common extract, and contains the acetate of colchicine. Sir C.

Scudamore prefers the acetic extract prepared by the formula _b_ (_above_).

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ALCOHOLIc.u.m, L.--P. Cod.). As EXTRACT OF BOX. More active than even the acetic extract. All the preparations of colchic.u.m are poisonous in large doses.

=Extract of Colo'cynth.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BITTER APPLE; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS (Ph. L. & E.), E. C. SIMPLEX, E. C. MOLLE, L. _Prep._ 1.

(Ph. L.) From colocynth pulp (cut in pieces and the seeds removed), by simple maceration in cold water for 36 hours, frequently pressing it with the hands, and afterwards strongly pressing out the liquor, which must be strained before evaporating it.

2. (Ph. E.) From the decoction. This is the plan adopted at Apothecaries'

Hall, and in the laboratory generally. Many houses do not even remove the seeds.

_Obs._ This extract rapidly gets hard, crumbly, and mouldy by keeping. For the remedy, see observations on EXTRACT OF COLCHIc.u.m, _above_.--_Dose_, 5 gr. to 20 gr.; as a cathartic. Colocynth pulp yields above 65% of extract.

3. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS ALCOHOLIc.u.m, L.)--_a._ (Ph.

Baden.) As EXTRACT OF ANGELICA--Ph. Bad.)

_b._ (P. Cod.) From a tincture prepared with proof spirit. Much more active than the simple extract.--_Dose_, 2 to 7 gr.

4. (Dry; EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS SICc.u.m, L.)--(Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using spirit of the sp. gr. 900 (about 16 o. p.), digesting at a tepid heat, evaporating to dryness, and powdering.--_Dose_, 1 to 6 gr.

=Extract of Colocynth (Compound).= _Syn._ COMPOUND EXTRACT OF BITTER APPLE, CATHARTIC EXTRACT; EXTRACTUM CATHARTIc.u.m, E. COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM, B. P. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Colocynth free from seeds, 6; extract of Socotrine aloes, 12; scammony, or resin of scammony in powder, 4; hard soap in powder, 3; cardamoms free from capsules in fine powder, 1; proof spirit, 160. Macerate the colocynth in the spirit for four days, press out the tincture, distil off the spirit, and add to it the extract of aloes, the soap, and the scammony; then evaporate the residue by a water bath to a pilular consistence, adding the cardamoms towards the end of the process.--_Dose_, 2 to 5 gr., with 2 or 3 gr. of extract of hyoscyamus to prevent griping.

2. (Ph. L. 1836.) Colocynth pulp (sliced, without the seeds), 6 oz., proof spirit, 1 gal.; digest with a gentle heat for 4 days, express, strain, and add, of extract of aloes (Ph. L. 1836), 12 oz., powdered scammony, 4 oz., Castile soap (cut small), 3 oz., and evaporate (distil) to a proper consistence; adding, towards the last, powdered cardamoms, 1 oz.

3. (Wholesale.) The formulae adopted by the wholesale druggists are mere modifications of that of the Ph. L. 1809; water being used instead of spirit as the menstruum, with actual benefit, as we honestly believe, to the quality of the preparation. The following are extensively employed by those who do most in this article, and we can speak highly of the quality of the products obtained by their use.

_a._ Turkey colocynth, 18 lbs., is boiled in about 20 times its weight of water for five or six hours; to the strained decoction is added hepatic aloes, 40 lbs., which are boiled until dissolved, when the solution is decanted. In the mean time the colocynth is exhausted with a second quant.i.ty of water (less than the first), and the strained liquor is added to the undissolved residuum of the aloes, and boiled for a few minutes; after which it is drawn off and mixed with the first decoction of aloes; the mixed liquors are then allowed to stand until quite cold (commonly until the next day), to deposit the resinous portion. The liquor is next decanted or drawn off, and set evaporating as quickly as possible; as soon as the consistence of treacle is arrived at, the whole is allowed to cool considerably, and moist sugar (clean), 4 lbs., and Castile soap, 10 lbs.

(previously melted with a little water), are added; powdered scammony, 6 lbs., is next gradually sifted in, the extract all the time being a.s.siduously stirred by a second person. Lastly, the heat is further moderated, and the stirring continued until a rather harder consistence is acquired than is proper for the extract, when the steam is wholly 'shut off,' or the vessel removed from the heat, and as soon as the whole has become sufficiently cool to prevent any considerable evaporation of the spirit, essence of cardamoms, 2 lbs. (say 1 quart), is expertly stirred in; and the extract at once (whilst still warm) put into stone jars or pots, and tied or covered over for store or use. The product is usually labelled 'EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. OPT.' It looks well, and smells very aromatic, and is really an excellent preparation.

_b._ Turkey colocynth, 2-1/4 lbs.; hepatic aloes, 5-1/2 lbs.; powdered scammony, 1-1/2 lb.; powdered cardamoms, 6 oz. (or essence, 1/2 pint); Castile soap (genuine), 1 lb. 2 oz.; pale moist sugar, 1/2 lb.; proceed as last. This produces a beautiful article, and of unquestionable quality, equally effective, and milder in its action than the College preparation.

It is labelled and sent out as EXT. COLOCYNTH. COMP. PH. L. (1836).

4. (Ph. L. 1809.) Colocynth, 6 dr. (6 parts); aloes, 1-1/2 oz. (12 parts); scammony, 1/2 oz. (4 parts); hard soap, 3 dr. (3 parts); cardamoms, 1 dr.

(1 part); as No. 3, _a_ (nearly).

_Qual., &c._ Compound extract of colocynth is often adulterated with acrid cathartics to make up for the deficiency or inferiority of its proper ingredients, and foreign matter often becomes mixed with it by the use of impure scammony. The presence of cape aloes may usually be detected by the nauseous odour; chalk (an article frequently present in bad scammony), by placing a little ball of the extract in a gla.s.s tube, and pouring over it some dilute hydrochloric or acetic acid, when an effervescence will ensue if that substance be present; jalap, scammony adulterated with fecula, and other starchy substances, by the filtered decoction of the extract turning blue on the addition of tincture of iodine; gamboge, by the decoction becoming deep red on the addition of liquor of pota.s.sa, and by a filtered alcoholic solution of the extract forming a yellow emulsion with water, which becomes transparent and a.s.sumes a deep-red colour on the addition of caustic pota.s.sa; and further, by this solution (if the alkali is not in excess) giving a yellow precipitate with acids and with acetate of lead, a brown precipitate with sulphate of copper, and a very dark brown one with the salts of iron; also by the ethereal solution of the extract dropped on water yielding an opaque yellow film, soluble in caustic pota.s.sa if it contains gamboge.

_Dose_, 3 gr. to 15 gr. It is a safe and mild, yet certain, purgative. It may be mixed with calomel without the latter being decomposed. 2-1/2 or 3 gr., mixed with an equal weight of blue pill and taken overnight forms an excellent aperient in dyspepsia, liver complaints, &c. See ABERNETHY MEDICINES.

_Obs._ There are few formulae which have undergone so many alterations in the hands of the College as that for compound extract of colocynth. Before 1809, proof spirit was ordered to be employed as the menstruum, and, omitting the soap, the preparation resembled that of the Ph. L. 1836. In 1809, the College directed water to be used instead of spirit, and added a certain quant.i.ty of soap. In the next edition of the Pharmacopia (1815), the soap was again omitted; but in the edition of 1824, the formula of 1809 was again adopted, subst.i.tuting, however, proof spirit for the water.

These directions were also continued in the edition of 1836. In the last London Pharmacopia (1851) the formula for this extract is omitted altogether, and in its place a pill (PILULA COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITA) is inserted.

The compound extract of colocynth and the simple and compound extracts of sarsaparilla are in greater demand in the wholesale trade, and are sold in larger quant.i.ties at a time, than all the other medicinal extracts put together. As a proof, if it were necessary, that honesty is the best policy, it may be mentioned that a certain metropolitan druggist, remarkable for the superiority of this preparation, has obtained no inconsiderable fortune by its sale alone; while the host of miserable vendors of the evaporated decoction of musty colocynth seed, Cape aloes, worthless scammony, and scentless cardamoms, sold under the name, attempt to ruin each other by offering their rubbish at a price that precludes the possibility of a large profit, or even of the establishment of a respectable connection.

=Extract of Conia.= See EXTRACT OF HEMLOCK.

=Extract of Contrayer'va.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CONTRAYERVae, L. _Prep._ (Palat. Cod.) From contrayerva root, as EXTRACT OF CINCHONA--Ph.

L.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; as a diaph.o.r.etic tonic in low conditions of the system.

=Extract of Copai'ba.= _Syn._ RESINOUS EXTRACT OF COPAIBA; EXTRACTUM COPAIBae, E. C. RESINOSUM, L. _Prep._ (Mr Thorn.) From balsam of copaiba, by distilling off the oil until the residuum a.s.sumes the consistence of an extract.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr., or more. One of the many useless preparations which enc.u.mber modern pharmacy. It may be taken in 3 dr.

doses without any perceptible effect beyond a fit of indigestion.

=Extract of Copal'che.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM COPALCHI, E. CORTICIS C., L.

_Prep._ From copalchi bark (_Croton pseudo-China_), as EXTRACT OF CASCARILLA, which it for the most part resembles.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr.

=Extract (Fluid) of Cotton Root.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM GOSSYPII RADICIS FLUIDUM (Ph. U. S.). Cotton root in very fine powder, 16 oz. (troy); macerate with glycerin, 3 fluid oz. (old measure); rectified spirit, 8 oz.

(old measure); water, 5 oz. (old measure), in closed percolator for 4 days; then let the percolation commence, and finish it by adding dilute alcohol (eq. vols. of alcohol 835 and water) until 24 oz. (old measure) have been obtained; reserve the first 14 oz., and evaporate the remaining 10 oz. (to which previously add 1 fluid oz., old measure) of glycerin to 2 fluid oz. (old measure), and mix with the reserved portion.