The Chinese Classics Part 8

36. Zan Chi, styled Tsze-ch'an [al. Chi-ch'an and Tsze-ta] (??, ?? ? [al. ?? and ??), a native of Lu, whose place is the 11th, west, next to Po Ch'ien.

37. Kung-tsu Kau-tsze or simply Tsze, styled Tsze-chih (???? [or simply ?], ???), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 23rd, east, in the outer court.

38. Ch'in Tsu, styled Tsze-nan (??, ???), a native of Ch'in. His tablet precedes that of the last, two places.

39. Ch'i-tiao Ch'ih, styled Tsze-lien (??? [al. ?], ???), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 13th, west.

40. Yen Kao, styled Tsze-chiao (?????). According to the 'Narratives of the School,' he was the same as Yen K'o (?, or ?), who drove the carriage when Confucius rode in Wei after the duke and Nan-tsze. But this seems doubtful. Other authorities make his name Ch'an (?), and style him Tsze-tsing (??). His tablet is the 13th, east.

41. Ch'i-tiao Tu-fu [al. . Ts'ung], styled Tsze-yu, Tsze-ch'i, and Tsze-wan (???? [al. ?], ??? or ?? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Lu, whose tablet precedes that of Ch'i-tiao Ch'ih.

42. Zang Sze-ch'ih, styled Tsze-t'u, or Tsze-ts'ung (? [al. ?] ??, ? ?? [al. ??]), a native of Ch'in. Some consider Zang-sze (??) to be a double surname. His tablet comes after that of No. 40.

43. Shang Chai, styled Tsze-Ch'i and Tsze-hsiu (??, ??? [al. ?? ]), a native of Lu. His tablet is immediately after that of Fan Hsu, No. 26.

44. s.h.i.+h Tso [al. Chih and Tsze]-shu, styled Tsze-ming (?? [al. ? and ?], ?, ???). Some take s.h.i.+h-tso (??) as a double surname. His tablet follows that of No. 42.

45. Zan Pu-ch'i, styled Hsuan (???, ??), a native of Ch'u, whose tablet is next to that of No. 28.

46. Kung-liang Zu, styled Tsze-chang (??? [al. ?], ???), a native of Ch'in, follows the preceding in the temples. The 'Sacrificial Canon' says:-- 'Tsze-chang was a man of worth and bravery. When Confucius was surrounded and stopped in P'u, Tsze-chang fought so desperately, that the people of P'u were afraid, and let the Master go, on his swearing that he would not proceed to Wei.'

47. Hau [al. s.h.i.+h] Ch'u [al. Ch'ien], styled Tsze-li [al. Li-ch'ih] (? [al. ?] ? [al. ?], ??? [al. ??]), a native of Ch'i, having his tablet the 17th, east.

48. Ch'in Zan, styled K'ai (??, ??), a native of Ts'ai. He is not given in the list of the 'Narratives of the School,' and on this account his tablet was put out of the temples in the ninth year of Chia-tsing. It was restored, however, in the second year of Yung-chang, A.D. 1724, and is the 33rd, east, in the outer court.

49. Kung-hsia Shau, styled Shang [and Tsze-shang] (??? [al. ?], ?? [and ??]), a native of Lu, whose tablet is next to that of No. 44.

50. Hsi Yung-tien [or simply Tien], styled Tsze-hsi [al. Tsze- chieh and Tsze-ch'ieh] (??? [or ?], ??? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Wei, having his tablet the 18th, east.

51. Kung Chien-ting [al. Kung Yu], styled Tsze-chung (?? [al. ?] ? [al. ??], ??? [al. ? and ?]). His nativity is a.s.signed to Lu, to Wei, and to Tsin (?). He follows No. 46.

52. Yen Tsu [al. Hsiang], styled Hsiang and Tsze-hsiang (?? [al. ?], ??, and ??), a native of Lu, with his tablet following that of No. 50.

53. Chiao Tan [al. Wu], styled Tsze-kea (?? [al. ?*], ???), a native of Lu. His place is next to that of No. 51.

54. Chu [al. Kau] Tsing-ch'iang [and simply Tsing], styled Tsze- ch'iang [al. Tsze-chieh and Tsze-mang] (? [al. ? and ?] ?? [and simply ?], ??? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Wei, following No. 52.

55. Han [al. Tsai]-fu Hei, styled Tsze-hei [al. Tsze-so and Tsze-su] (? [al. ?] ??, ??? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Lu, whose tablet is next to that of No. 53.

56. Ch'in Shang, styled Tsze-p'ei [al. P'ei-tsze and Pu-tsze] (??, ? ?? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Lu, or, according to Chang Hsuan, of Ch'u. He was forty years younger than Confucius. One authority, however, says he was only four years younger, and that his father and Confucius's father were both celebrated for their strength. His tablet is the 12th, east.

57. s.h.i.+n Tang, styled Chau (????). In the 'Narratives of the School' there is a s.h.i.+n Chi, styled Tsze-chau (??, ???). The name is given by others as T'ang (? and ?) and Tsu (?), with the designation Tsze-tsu (?? ). These are probably the same person mentioned in the a.n.a.lects as s.h.i.+n Ch'ang (??). Prior to the Ming dynasty they were sacrificed to as two, but in A.D. 1530, the name Tang was expunged from the sacrificial list, and only that of Ch'ang left. His tablet is the 31st, east.

58. Yen Chih-p'o, styled Tsze-shu [or simply Shu] (???, ??? [or simply ?]), a native of Lu, who occupies the 29th place, east.

59. Yung Ch'i, styled Tsze-ch'i [al. Tsze-yen] (?? [or ?], ??? or ?? [al. ??]), a native of Lu, whose tablet is the 20th, west.

* Digitizer's note: The actual variant used by Legge is (????).

60. Hsien Ch'ang, styled Tsze-ch'i [al. Tsze-hung] (??, ??? [al. ??]), a native of Lu. His place is the 22nd, east.

61. Tso Zan-ying [or simply Ying], styled Hsing and Tsze-hsing (??? [or simply ?], ?? and ??), a native of Lu. His tablet follows that of No. 59.

62. Yen Chi, styled An [al. Tsze-sze] (?? [or ?], ?? [al. ??) a native of Ch'in. His tablet is the 24th east.

63: Chang Kwo, styled Tsze-t'u (??, ???), a native of Lu. This is understood to be the same with the Hsieh Pang, styled Tsze-ts'ung (??, ? ??), of the 'Narratives of the School.' His tablet follows No. 61.

64. Ch'in Fei, styled Tsze-chih (??, ???), a native of Lu, having his tablet the 31st, west.

65. s.h.i.+h Chih-ch'ang, styled Tsze-hang [al. ch'ang] (???, ??? [al. ?]), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 30th, east.

66. Yen K'wai, styled Tsze-shang (??, ???), a native of Lu. His tablet is the next to that of No. 64.

67. Pu Shu-shang, styled Tsze-ch'e (??? [in the 'Narratives of the School' we have an old form of ?], ???), a native of Ch'i. Sometimes for Pu (?) we find Shao (?). His tablet is the 30th, west.

68. Yuan K'ang, styled Tsze-chi (??, ???), a native of Lu. Sze-ma Ch'ien calls him Yuan K'ang-chi, not mentioning any designation. The 'Narratives of the School' makes him Yuan K'ang (?), styled Chi. His tablet is the 23rd, west.

69. Yo K'o [al. Hsin], styled Tsze-shang (??, [al. ?], ???), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 25th, east.

70. Lien Chieh, styled Yung and Tsze-yung [al. Tsze-ts'ao] (??, ? ? and ?? [al. ??), a native of Wei, or of Ch'i. His tablet is next to that of No. 68.

71. Shu-chung Hui [al. K'wai], styled Tsze-ch'i (??? [al. ?], ???), a native of Lu, or, according to Chang Hsuan, of Tsin. He was younger than Confucius by fifty-four years. It is said that he and another youth, called K'ung Hsuan (??), attended by turns with their pencils, and acted as amanuenses to the sage, and when Mang Wu-po expressed a doubt of their competency, Confucius declared his satisfaction with them. He follows Lien Chieh in the temples.

72. Yen Ho, styled Zan (??, ??), a native of Lu. The present copies of the 'Narratives of the School' do not contain his name, and in A.D. 1588 Zan was displaced from his place in the temples. His tablet, however, has been restored during the present dynasty. It is the 33rd, west.

73. Ti Hei, styled Che [al. Tsze-che and Che-chih] (??, ?? [al. ?? and ??]), a native of Wei, or of Lu. His tablet is the 26th, east.

74. Kwei [al. Pang] Sun, styled Tsze-lien [al. Tsze-yin] (? (kui1 ????) [al. ?] ?, ??? [al. ??]), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 27th, west.

75. K'ung Chung, styled Tsze-mieh (??, ???). This was the son, it is said, of Confucius's elder brother, the cripple Mang-p'i. His tablet is next to that of No. 73. His sacrificial t.i.tle is 'The ancient Worthy, the philosopher Mieh.'

76. Kung-hsi Yu-zu [al. Yu], styled Tsze-shang (???? [al. ? ], ???), a native of Lu. His place is the 26th, west.

77. Kung-hsi Tien, styled Tsze-shang (??? [or ?], ??? [al. ?? ]), a native of Lu. His tablet is the 28th, east.

78. Ch'in Chang [al. Lao], styled Tsze-k'ai (?? [al. ?], ???), a native of Wei. His tablet is the 29th, west.

79. Ch'an K'ang, styled Tsze-k'ang [al. Tsze-ch'in] (??, ??? [al. ??]), a native of Ch'an. See notes on Ana. I. x.

80. Hsien Tan [al. Tan-fu and Fang], styled Tsze-hsiang (?? [al. ?? and ?], ???), a native of Lu. Some suppose that this is the same as No. 53. The advisers of the present dynasty in such matters, however, have considered them to be different, and in 1724, a tablet was a.s.signed to Hsien Tan, the 34th, west.

The three preceding names are given in the 'Narratives of the School.'

The research of scholars has added about twenty others.

81. Lin Fang, styled Tsze-ch'iu (??, ???), a native of Lu. The only thing known of him is from the Ana. III. iv. His tablet was displaced under the Ming, but has been restored by the present dynasty. It is the first, west.

82. Chu Yuan, styled Po-yu (??, ???), an officer of Wei, and, as appears from the a.n.a.lects and Mencius, an intimate friend of Confucius. Still his tablet has shared the same changes as that of Lin Fang. It is now the first, east.

83 and 84. Shan Ch'ang (??) and Shan T'ang (??). See No. 57.

85. Mu P'i (??), mentioned by Mencius, VII. Pt. II. x.x.xvii. 4. His entrance into the temple has been under the present dynasty. His tablet is the 34th, east.

86. Tso Ch'iu-ming or Tso-ch'iu Ming (???) has the 32nd place, east. His t.i.tle was fixed in A.D. 1530 to be 'The Ancient Scholar,' but in 1642 it was raised to that of 'Ancient Worthy.' To him we owe the most distinguished of the annotated editions of the Ch'un Ch'iu. But whether he really was a disciple of Confucius, and in personal communication with him, is much debated.

The above are the only names and surnames of those of the disciples who now share in the sacrifices to the sage. Those who wish to exhaust the subject, mention in addition, on the authority of Tso Ch'iu-ming, Chung-sun Ho-chi (????), a son of Mang Hsi (see p. 63), and Chung-sun Shwo (?? ?), also a son of Mang Hsi, supposed by many to be the same with No. 17; Zu Pei, (??), mentioned in the a.n.a.lects, XVII. xx, and in the Li Chi, XVIII. Sect. II. ii. 22; Kung-w.a.n.g Chih-ch'iu (????) and Hsu Tien (??), mentioned in the Li Chi, XLIII. 7; Pin-mau Chia (???), mentioned in the Li Chi, XVII. iii. 16; K'ung Hsuan (??) and Hai Shu-lan (???), on the authority of the 'Narratives of the School;' Ch'ang Chi (??), mentioned by Chw.a.n.g-tsze; Chu Yu (??), mentioned by Yen-tsze (??); Lien Yu (??) and Lu Chun (??), on the authority of ????; and finally Tsze-fu Ho (? ??), the Tsze-fu Ching-po (????) of the a.n.a.lects, XIV. x.x.xviii.

CHAPTER VI.

LIST OF THE PRINc.i.p.aL WORKS WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS VOLUME.

SECTION I.

CHINESE WORKS, WITH BRIEF NOTICES.

?????, 'The Thirteen Ching, with Commentary and Explanations.' This is the great repertory of ancient lore upon the Cla.s.sics. On the a.n.a.lects, it contains the 'Collection of Explanations of the Lun Yu,' by Ho Yen and others (see p. 19), and 'The Correct Meaning,' or Paraphrase of Hsing Ping (see p. 20). On the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, it contains the comments and glosses of Chang Hsuan, and of K'ung Ying-ta (???) of the T'ang dynasty.

????????, 'A new edition of the Four Books, Punctuated and Annotated, for Reading.' This work was published in the seventh year of Tao-kw.a.n.g (1827) by a Kao Lin (??). It is the finest edition of the Four Books which I have seen, in point of typographical execution. It is indeed a volume for reading. It contains the ordinary 'Collected Comments' of Chu Hsi on the a.n.a.lects, and his 'Chapters and Sentences' of the Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean. The editor's own notes are at the top and bottom of the page, in rubric.

????????, 'The Proper Meaning of the Four Books as determined by Chu Hsi, Compared with, and Ill.u.s.trated from, other Commentators.' This is a most voluminous work, published in the tenth year of Ch'ien-lung, A.D. 1745, by w.a.n.g Pu-ch'ing (???), a member of the Han-lin College. On the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, the 'Queries' (??) addressed to Chu Hsi and his replies are given in the same text as the standard commentary.

??????, 'The Four Books, Text and Commentary, with Proofs and Ill.u.s.trations.' The copy of this Work which I have was edited by a w.a.n.g T'ing-chi (???), in the third year of Chia-ch'ing, A.D. 1798. It may be called a commentary on the commentary. The research in all matters of Geography, History, Biography, Natural History, &c., is immense.

??????, 'A Collection of the most important Comments of Scholars on the Four Books.' By Li P'ei-lin (???); published in the fifty-seventh K'ang-hsi year, A.D. 1718. This Work is about as voluminous as the ??, but on a different plan. Every chapter is preceded by a critical discussion of its general meaning, and the logical connexion of its several paragraphs. This is followed by the text, and Chu Hsi's standard commentary. We have then a paraphrase, full and generally perspicuous. Next, there is a selection of approved comments, from a great variety of authors; and finally, the reader finds a number of critical remarks and ingenious views, differing often from the common interpretation, which are submitted for his examination.

??????, 'A Supplemental Commentary, and Literary Discussions, on the Four Books.' By Chang Chan-t'ao [al. T'i-an] (??? [al. ??]), a member of the Han-lin college, in the early part, apparently, of the reign of Ch'ien-lung. The work is on a peculiar plan. The reader is supposed to be acquainted with Chu Hsi's commentary, which is not given; but the author generally supports his views, and defends them against the criticisms of some of the early scholars of this dynasty. His own exercitations are of the nature of essays more than of commentary. It is a book for the student who is somewhat advanced, rather than for the learner. I have often perused it with interest and advantage.

??????, 'The Four Books, according to the Commentary, with Paraphrase.' Published in the eighth year of Yung Chang, A.D. 1730, by w.a.n.g Fu [al. K'eh-fu] (?? [al. ??]). Every page is divided into two parts. Below, we have the text and Chu Hsi's commentary. Above, we have an a.n.a.lysis of every chapter, followed by a paraphrase of the several paragraphs. To the paraphrase of each paragraph are subjoined critical notes, digested from a great variety of scholars, but without the mention of their names. A list of 116 is given who are thus laid under contribution. In addition, there are maps and ill.u.s.trative figures at the commencement; and to each Book there are prefixed biographical notices, explanations of peculiar allusions, &c.

??????????, 'The Four Books, with a Complete Digest of Supplements to the Commentary, and additional Suggestions. A new edition, with Additions.' By Tu Ting-chi (???). Published A.D. 1779. The original of this Work was by Tang Lin (??), a scholar of the Ming dynasty. It is perhaps the best of all editions of the Four Books for a learner. Each page is divided into three parts. Below, is the text divided into sentences and members of sentences, which are followed by short glosses. The text is followed by the usual commentary, and that by a paraphrase, to which are subjoined the Supplements and Suggestions. The middle division contains a critical a.n.a.lysis of the chapters and paragraphs; and above, there are the necessary biographical and other notes.

?????, 'The Four Books, with the Relish of the Radical Meaning.' This is a new Work, published in 1852. It is the production of Chin Ch'ang, styled Chi'u-t'an (??, ???), an officer and scholar, who, returning, apparently to Canton province, from the North in 1836, occupied his retirement with reviewing his literary studies of former years, and employed his sons to transcribe his notes. The writer is fully up in all the commentaries on the Cla.s.sics, and pays particular attention to the labours of the scholars of the present dynasty. To the a.n.a.lects, for instance, there is prefixed Chiang Yung's History of Confucius, with criticisms on it by the author himself. Each chapter is preceded by a critical a.n.a.lysis. Then follows the text with the standard commentary, carefully divided into sentences, often with glosses, original and selected, between them. To the commentary there succeeds a paraphrase, which is not copied by the author from those of his predecessors. After the paraphrase we have Explanations (?). The book is beautifully printed, and in small type, so that it is really a multum in parvo, with considerable freshness.

??????, 'A Paraphrase for Daily Lessons, Explaining the Meaning of the Four Books.' This work was produced in 1677, by a department of the members of the Han-lin college, in obedience to an imperial rescript. The paraphrase is full, perspicuous, and elegant.

??????; ??????; ??????; ????; ??????. These works form together a superb edition of the Five Ching, published by imperial authority in the K'ang-hsi and Yung-chang reigns. They contain the standard views (?); various opinions (?); critical decisions of the editors (?) ; prolegomena; plates or cuts; and other apparatus for the student.

???????, 'The Collected Writings of Mao Hsi-ho.' See prolegomena, p. 20. The voluminousness of his Writings is understated there. Of ??, or Writings on the Cla.s.sics, there are 236 sections, while his ??, or other literary compositions, amount to 257 sections. His treatises on the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean have been especially helpful to me. He is a great opponent of Chu Hsi, and would be a much more effective one, if he possessed the same graces of style as that 'prince of literature.'

?????, 'A Collection of Supplemental Observations on the Four Books.' The preface of the author, Ts'ao Chih-shang (???), is dated in 1795, the last year of the reign of Ch'ien-lung. The work contains what we may call prolegomena on each of the Four Books, and then excursus on the most difficult and disputed pa.s.sages. The tone is moderate, and the learning displayed extensive and solid. The views of Chu Hsi are frequently well defended from the a.s.saults of Mao Hsi-ho. I have found the Work very instructive.

????, 'On the Tenth Book of the a.n.a.lects, with Plates.' This Work was published by the author, Chiang Yung (??), in the twenty-first Ch'ien-lung year, A.D. 1761, when he was seventy-six years old. It is devoted to the ill.u.s.tration of the above portion of the a.n.a.lects, and is divided into ten sections, the first of which consists of woodcuts and tables. The second contains the Life of Confucius, of which I have largely availed myself in the preceding chapter. The whole is a remarkable specimen of the minute care with which Chinese scholars have ill.u.s.trated the Cla.s.sical Books ????; ?????; ??????; ??????. We may call these volumes-- 'The Topography of the Four Books; with three Supplements.' The Author's name is Yen Zo-ch'u (???). The first volume was published in 1698, and the second in 1700. I have not been able to find the dates of publication of the other two, in which there is more biographical and general matter than topographical. The author apologizes for the inappropriateness of their t.i.tles by saying that he could not help calling them Supplements to the Topography, which was his 'first love.'

????, 'Explanations of the Cla.s.sics, under the Imperial Ts'ing Dynasty.' See above, p. 20. The Work, however, was not published, as I have there supposed, by imperial authority, but under the superintendence, and at the expense (aided by other officers), of Yuan Yuan (??), Governor-general of Kw.a.n.g-tung and Kw.a.n.g-hsi, in the ninth year of the last reign, 1829. The publication of so extensive a Work shows a public spirit and zeal for literature among the high officers of China, which should keep foreigners from thinking meanly of them.

????, 'Sayings of the Confucian Family.' Family is to be taken in the sense of Sect or School. In Liu Hsin's Catalogue, in the subdivision devoted to the Lun Yu, we find the entry:-- 'Sayings of the Confucian Family, twenty-seven Books,' with a note by Yen Sze-ku of the T'ang dynasty,-- 'Not the existing Work called the Family Sayings.' The original Work was among the treasures found in the wall of Confucius's old house, and was deciphered and edited by K'ung An-kwo. The present Work is by w.a.n.g Su of the Wei (?) dynasty, grounded professedly on the older one, the blocks of which had suffered great dilapidation during the intervening centuries. It is allowed also, that, since Su's time, the Work has suffered more than any of the acknowledged Cla.s.sics. Yet it is a very valuable fragment of antiquity, and it would be worth while to incorporate it with the a.n.a.lects. My copy is the edition of Li Yung (??), published in 1780. I have generally called the Work 'Narratives of the School.'

??????, 'Sacrificial Canon of the Sage's Temples, with Plates.' This Work, published in 1826, by Ku Yuan, styled Hsiang-chau (??, ???), is a very painstaking account of all the Names sacrificed to in the temples of Confucius, the dates of their attaining to that honour, &c. There are appended to it Memoirs of Confucius and Mencius, which are not of so much value.

????, 'The Complete Works of the Ten Tsze.' See Morrison's Dictionary, under the character ?. I have only had occasion, in connexion with this Work, to refer to the writings of Chw.a.n.g-tsze (??) and Lieh-tsze (??). My copy is an edition of 1804.

?????????, 'A Cyclopaedia of Surnames, or Biographical Dictionary, of the Famous Men and Virtuous Women of the Successive Dynasties.' This is a very notable work of its cla.s.s; published in 1793, by ? ??, and extending through 157 chapters or Books.

????, 'General Examination of Records and Scholars.' This astonis.h.i.+ng Work, which cost its author, Ma Twan-lin (???), twenty years' labour, was first published in 1321. Remusat says,-- 'This excellent Work is a library in itself, and if Chinese literature possessed no other, the language would be worth learning for the sake of reading this alone.' It does indeed display all but incredible research into every subject connected with the Government, History, Literature, Religion, &c., of the empire of China. The author's researches are digested in 348 Books. I have had occasion to consult princ.i.p.ally those on the Literary Monuments, embraced in seventy-six Books, from the 174th to the 249th.

??????, 'An Examination of the Commentaries on the Cla.s.sics,' by Chu I-tsun. The author was a member of the Han-lin college, and the work was first published with an imperial preface by the Ch'ien-lung emperor. It is an exhaustive work on the literature of the Cla.s.sics, in 300 chapters or Books.'

?????, 'A Continuation of the General Examination of Records and Scholars.' This Work, which is in 254 Books, and nearly as extensive as the former, was the production of w.a.n.g Ch'i (??), who dates his preface in 1586, the fourteenth year of Wan-li, the style of the reign of the fourteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. w.a.n.g Ch'i brings down the Work of his predecessor to his own times. He also frequently goes over the same ground, and puts things in a clearer light. I have found this to be the case in the chapters on the cla.s.sical and other Books.

????, 'The Twenty-four Histories.' These are the imperially- authorized records of the empire, commencing with the 'Historical Records,' the work of Sze-ma Ch'ien, and ending with the History of the Ming dynasty, which appeared in 1742, the result of the joint labours of 145 officers and scholars of the present dynasty. The extent of the collection may be understood from this, that my copy, bound in English fas.h.i.+on, makes sixty-three volumes, each one larger than this. No nation has a history so thoroughly digested; and on the whole it is trustworthy. In pre- paring this volume, my necessities have been confined mostly to the Works of Sze-ma Ch'ien, and his successor, Pan Ku (??), the Historian of the first Han dynasty.

?????, 'The Annals of the Nation.' Published by imperial authority in 1803, the eighth year of Ch'ia-ch'ing. This Work is invaluable to a student, being, indeed, a collection of chronological tables, where every year, from the rise of the Chau dynasty, B.C. 1121, has a distinct column to itself, in which, in different compartments, the most important events are noted. Beyond that date, it ascends to nearly the commencement of the cycles in the sixty-first year of Hw.a.n.g-ti, giving -- not every year, but the years of which anything has been mentioned in history. From Hw.a.n.g-ti also, it ascends through the dateless ages up to P'an-ku, the first of mortal sovereigns.

?????, 'The Boundaries of the Nation in the successive Dynasties.' This Work by the same author, and published in 1817, does for the boundaries of the empire the same service which the preceding renders to its chronology.

?????, 'The Topography of the Nation in the successive Dynasties.' Another Work by the same author, and of the same date as the preceding.

The Dictionaries chiefly consulted have been:-- The well-known Shwo Wan (????), by Hsu Shan, styled Shu-chung ( ??, ???), published in A.D. 100; with the supplement (??) by Hsu Ch'ieh (??), of the southern Tang dynasty. The characters are arranged in the Shwo Wan under 540 keys or radicals, as they are unfortunately termed.

The Liu Shu Ku (???), by Tai T'ung, styled Chung-ta (??, ???), of our thirteenth century. The characters are arranged in it, somewhat after the fas.h.i.+on of the R Ya (p. 2), under six general divisions, which again are subdivided, according to the affinity of subjects, into various categories.

The Tsze Hui (??), which appeared in the Wan-li (??) reign of the Ming dynasty (1573-1619). The 540 radicals of the Shwo Wan were reduced in this to 214, at which number they have since continued.

The K'ang-hsi Tsze Tien (????), or Kang-hsi Dictionary, prepared by order of the great K'ang-hsi emperor in 1716. This is the most common and complete of all Chinese dictionaries for common use.

The I Wan Pi Lan (????), 'A Complete Exhibition of all the Authorized Characters,' published in 1787; 'furnis.h.i.+ng,' says Dr. Williams, 'good definitions of all the common characters, whose ancient forms are explained.'

The Pei Wan Yun Fu (????), generally known among foreigners as 'The Kang-hsi Thesaurus.' It was undertaken by an imperial order, and published in 1711, being probably, as Wylie says, 'the most extensive work of a lexicographical character ever produced.' It does for the phraseology of Chinese literature all, and more than all, that the Kang-hsi dictionary does for the individual characters. The arrangement of the characters is according to their tones and final sounds. My copy of it, with a supplement published about ten years later, is in forty-five large volumes, with much more letter-press in it than the edition of the Dynastic Histories mentioned on p. 133.

The Ching Tsi Tswan Ku, ping Pu Wei (???(????)????), 'A Digest of the Meanings in the Cla.s.sical and other Books, with Supplement,' by, or rather under the superintendence of, Yuan Yuan (p. 132). This has often been found useful. It is arranged according to the tones and rhymes like the characters in the Thesaurus.

SECTION II.

TRANSLATIONS AND OTHER WORKS.

CONFUCIUS SINARUM PHILOSOPHUS; sive Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita. Studio et opera Prosperi Intorcetta, Christiani Herdritch, Francisci Rougemont, Philippi Couplet, Patrum Societatis JESU. Jussu Ludovici Magni. Parisiis, 1837.

THE WORKS OF CONFUCIUS; containing the Original Text, with a Translation. Vol. 1. By J. Marshman. Serampore, 1809. This is only a fragment of 'The Works of Confucius.'

THE FOUR BOOKS; Translated into English, by Rev. David Collie, of the London Missionary Society. Malacca, 1828.

L'INVARIABLE MILIEU; Ouvrage Moral de Tseu-sse, en Chinois et en Mandchou, avec une Version litterale Latine, une Traduction Francoise, &c. &c. Par M. Abel-Remusat. A Paris, 1817.

LE TA HIO, OU LA GRANDE eTUDE; Traduit en Francoise, avec une Version Latine, &c. Par G. Pauthier. Paris, 1837.