Fighting Instructions, 1530-1816 Part 26

The captains of such s.h.i.+ps will not be thereby left in a situation less at liberty to distinguish themselves; as they will have an opportunity to render essential service, by placing their s.h.i.+ps to advantage when arrived up with the enemy already engaged with the other part of the fleet.

The s.h.i.+ps next in succession in order of battle are to occupy in turn, on this and every other similar occasion, the vacant s.p.a.ces that would be otherwise left in the line; so that it may be always kept perfect at the appointed intervals of distance.

And when the fleet is sailing large, or before the wind, in order of battle, and the admiral makes the signal for coming to the wind on either tack, the s.h.i.+p stationed to lead the line on that tack, first, and the others in succession, as they arrive in the wake of that s.h.i.+p and of their seconds ahead respectively, are to haul to the wind without loss of time accordingly.

And all the signals for regulating the course and motions of the fleet by day or night, after the signal for forming in order of battle has been made, are to be understood with reference to the continuance of the fleet in such order, until the general signal to chase, or to form again in order of sailing, is put abroad.

VI. When the fleet is formed on any line pointed out by the compa.s.s signal, the relative bearing of the s.h.i.+ps from each other is to be preserved through every change of course made, as often as any alteration thereof together shall be by signal directed.[2]

When, on the contrary, the signal to alter the course in succession has been put abroad, the relative bearing of the s.h.i.+ps from each other will be then consequently changed; and any alteration of the course subsequently directed to be made by the s.h.i.+ps together will thereafter have reference to the relative bearing last established. The same distinction will take place so often as the alteration of course in succession, as aforesaid, shall in future recur.

VII. If the admiral should observe that the enemy has altered his course, and the disposition of his order of battle, one, two, three, or any greater number of points (in which case it will be necessary to make a suitable change in the bearing of the s.h.i.+ps from each other in the British fleet, supposed to be formed in such respects correspondently to the first position of the enemy), he will make the signal for altering course in succession, according to the nature of the occasion. The leading s.h.i.+p of the line is thereupon immediately to alter to the course pointed out; and (the others taking their places astern of her in succession, as they arrive in the wake of that s.h.i.+p and of their seconds ahead respectively) she is to lead the fleet in line of battle ahead on the course so denoted, until farther order.

VIII. When it is necessary to shorten or make more sail whilst the fleet is in order of battle, and the proper signal in either case has been made, the fleet is to be regulated by the example of the frigate appointed to repeat signals; which frigate is to set or take in the sail the admiral is observed to do.

The s.h.i.+p referred to is thereupon to suit her sail to the known comparative rate of sailing between her and the admiral's s.h.i.+p.

Hence it will be necessary that the captains of the fleet be very attentive to acquire a perfect knowledge of the comparative rate of sailing between their own and the admiral's s.h.i.+p, so as under whatever sail the admiral may be, they may know what proportion to carry, to go at an equal rate with him.

IX. When, the s.h.i.+ps of the fleet being more in number than the enemy, the admiral sees proper to order any particular s.h.i.+ps to withdraw from the line, they are to be placed in a proper situation, in readiness to be employed occasionally as circ.u.mstances may thereafter require--to windward of the fleet, if then having the weather-gage of the enemy, or towards the van and ahead, if the contrary--to relieve, or go to the a.s.sistance of any disabled s.h.i.+p, or otherwise act, as by signal directed.

The captains of s.h.i.+ps, stationed next astern of those so withdrawn, are directly to close to the van, and fill up the vacant s.p.a.ces thereby made in the line.

When, in presence of an enemy, the admiral or commander of any division of the fleet finds it necessary to change his station in the line, in order to oppose himself against the admiral or commander in a similar part of the enemy's line, he will make the signal for that purpose; and the s.h.i.+ps referred to on this occasion are to place themselves forthwith against the s.h.i.+ps of the enemy, that would otherwise by such alteration remain unopposed.

X. When the fleet is sailing in a line of battle ahead, or upon any other bearing, and the signal is made for the s.h.i.+ps to keep in more open order, it will be generally meant that they should keep from one to two cables' length asunder, according as the milder or rougher state of the weather may require; also that they should close to the distance of half a cable, or at least a cable's length, in similar circ.u.mstances, when the signal for that purpose is put abroad.

But in both cases, the distance pointed out to the admiral's second ahead and astern, by the continuance of the flag abroad, as intimated in the Signal Book, is to be signified from them respectively to the s.h.i.+ps succeeding them on either part, by signals.

These signals are to be continued either way, onward, throughout the line if necessary.

Notice is to be taken, in the same manner, of any continued deviation from the limited distance; and to commence between the several commanders of private s.h.i.+ps respectively, independent of the admiral's previous example, when they observe their seconds ahead or astern to be at any time separated from them, further than the regulated distance kept by the s.h.i.+ps next to the admiral, or that which was last appointed.

When the admiral, being before withdrawn from the line, means to resume his station therein, he will make the signal for the particular s.h.i.+ps, between which he means to place himself, to open to a greater distance, whether it be in his former station, or in any other part of the line, better suited for his future purpose.

XI. When any number of s.h.i.+ps is occasionally detached from the fleet for the same purpose, they are, during their separation from the body of the fleet, to comply with all such signals as shall be made at any time, whilst the signal flag appropriated for that occasion remains abroad.

But the signals made to all s.h.i.+ps so appointed, having the commander of a squadron or division with them, will be under the flag descriptive of such commander's squadron or division, whose signals and instructions they are to obey.

XII. Great care is to be taken at all times when coming to action not to fire upon the enemy either over or near any s.h.i.+ps of the fleet, liable to be injured thereby; nor, when in order of battle, until the proper signal is made, and that the s.h.i.+ps are properly placed in respect to situation and distance, although the signal may have been before put abroad.

And if, when the signal for battle is made, the s.h.i.+ps are then steering down for the enemy in an oblique direction from each other, they are to haul to the wind, or to any order parallel with the enemy, to engage them as they arrive in a proper situation and distance, without waiting for any more particular signal or order for that purpose: regard being only had by the several commanders in these circ.u.mstances to the motions of the s.h.i.+ps preceding them on the tack whereunto the course more inclines, and upon and towards which the enemy is formed for action, that they may have convenient s.p.a.ce for hauling up clear of each other.

When our fleet is upon the contrary tack to that of the enemy, and standing towards them, and the admiral makes the signal to engage, the van s.h.i.+p is then to lead close along their line, with a moderate sail, and engage; the rest of the fleet doing the same, pa.s.sing to windward or to leeward of the enemy, as the admiral may direct.

XIII. When weathering the enemy upon the contrary tack, and signal is made to engage their van, the leading s.h.i.+p is then to bear down to the van s.h.i.+p of the enemy, and engage, pa.s.sing along their line to windward to the sternmost s.h.i.+p of their van squadron, then to haul off close to the wind, the rest of the fleet doing the same in succession.[3]

XIV. No s.h.i.+p is to separate in time of action from the body of the fleet, in pursuit of any small number of the enemy's s.h.i.+ps beaten out of the line; nor until their main body be also disabled or broken: but the captains, who have disabled or forced their opponents out of the line, are to use their best endeavours to a.s.sist any s.h.i.+p of the fleet appearing to be much pressed, or the s.h.i.+ps nearest to them, to hasten the defeat of the enemy, unless otherwise by signal, or particular instruction, directed.[4]

XV. When any s.h.i.+p in the fleet is so much disabled as to be in the utmost danger and hazard of being taken by the enemy, or destroyed, and makes the signal expressive of such extremity; the Captains of the nearest s.h.i.+ps, most at liberty with respect to the state of their opponents in the enemy's line, are strictly enjoined to give all possible aid and protection to such disabled s.h.i.+p, as they are best able. And the captain of any frigate (or fires.h.i.+p) happening to be at that time in a situation convenient for the purpose, is equally required to use his utmost endeavours for the relief of such disabled s.h.i.+p, by joining in the attack of the s.h.i.+p of the enemy opposed to the disabled s.h.i.+p, if he sees opportunity to place his s.h.i.+p to advantage, by favouring the attempt of the fires.h.i.+p to lay the enemy on board, or by taking out any of the crew of the disabled s.h.i.+p, if practicable and necessary, as may be most expedient.

XVI. No captain, though much pressed by the enemy, is to quit his station in time of battle, if possible to be avoided, without permission first obtained from the commanding officer of his division, or other nearest flag officer, for that purpose; but, when compelled thereto by extreme necessity before any adequate a.s.sistance is furnished, or that he is ordered out of the line on that account, the nearest s.h.i.+ps and those on each part of the disabled s.h.i.+p's station are timely to occupy the vacant s.p.a.ce occasioned by her absence, before the enemy can take advantage thereof.

And if any captain shall be wanting in the due performance of his duty in time of battle, the commander of the division, or other flag officer nearest to him, is immediately to remove such deficient captain from his post, and appoint another commander to take the charge and conduct of the s.h.i.+p on that occasion.

XVII. When, from the advantage obtained by the enemy over the fleet, or from bad weather, or otherwise, the admiral hath by signal signified his intention to leave the captains and other commanders at liberty to proceed at their discretion; they are then permitted to act as they see best under such circ.u.mstances, for the good of the king's service and the preservation of their s.h.i.+ps, without regard to his example. But they are, nevertheless, to endeavour at all times to gain the appointed rendezvous in preference, if it can be done with safety.

XVIII. The s.h.i.+ps are to be kept at all times prepared in readiness for action. And in case of coming to an engagement with the enemy, their boats are to be kept manned and armed, and prepared with hand and fire-chain grapnels, and other requisites, on the off-side from the enemy, for the purpose of a.s.sisting any s.h.i.+p of the fleet attempted by the fires.h.i.+ps of the enemy; or for supporting the fires.h.i.+ps of the fleet when they are to proceed on service.

The s.h.i.+ps appointed to protect and cover these last, or which may be otherwise in a situation to countenance their operations, are to take on board their crews occasionally, and proceed before them down, as near as possible, to the s.h.i.+ps of the enemy they are destined to attempt.

The captains of such s.h.i.+ps are likewise to be particularly attentive to employ the boats they are provided with, as well to cover the retreat of the fires.h.i.+ps boat, as to prevent the endeavours to be expected from the boats of the enemy to intercept the fires.h.i.+p, or in any other manner to frustrate the execution of the proposed undertaking.[5]

XIX. If the s.h.i.+p of any flag officer be disabled in battle, the flag officer may embark on board any private s.h.i.+p that he sees fit, for carrying on the service: but it is to be of his own squadron or division in preference when equally suitable for his purpose.

XX. The flag officers, or commanders of divisions, are on all occasions to repeat generally, as well as with reference to their respective divisions, the signals from the admiral, that they may be thereby more speedily communicated correspondent to his intentions.

And the purpose of all signals for the conduct of particular divisions is then only meant to be carried into execution when the signal has been repeated, or made by the commanders of such particular divisions respectively. In which circ.u.mstances they are to be always regarded and complied with by the s.h.i.+ps or divisions referred to, in the same manner as if such signals had been made by the admiral commanding in chief.

XXI. When s.h.i.+ps have been detached to attack the enemy's rear, the headmost s.h.i.+p of such detachment, and the rest in succession, after having ranged up their line as far is judged proper, is then to fall astern; and (the s.h.i.+p that next follows pa.s.sing between her and the enemy) is to tack or wear as engaged to windward or leeward, and form in the rear of the detachment.

XXII. When the fleet is to tack in succession, the s.h.i.+p immediately following the one going in stays should observe to bear up a little, to give her room; and the moment for putting in stays is that when a s.h.i.+p discovers the weather quarter of her second ahead, and which has just tacked before her.

On this and every other occasion, when the fleet is in order of battle, it should be the attention of each s.h.i.+p strictly to regulate her motions by those of the one preceding her; a due regard to such a conduct being the only means of maintaining the prescribed distance between the s.h.i.+ps, and of preserving a regular order throughout the line.

XXIII. As soon as the signal is made to prepare for battle, the fires.h.i.+ps are to get their boarding grapnels fixed; and when in presence of an enemy, and that they perceive the fleet is likely to come to action, they are to prime although the signal for that purpose should not have been made; being likewise to signify when they are ready to proceed on service, by putting abroad the appointed signal.

They are to place themselves abreast of the s.h.i.+ps of the line, and not in the openings between them, the better to be sheltered from the enemy's fire, keeping a watchful eye upon the admiral, so as to be prepared to put themselves in motion the moment their signal is made, which they are to answer as soon as observed.

A fires.h.i.+p ordered to proceed on service is to keep a little ahead and to windward of the s.h.i.+p that is to escort her, to be the more ready to bear down on the vessel she is to board, and to board if possible in the fore shrouds. By proceeding in this manner she will not be in the way of preventing the s.h.i.+p appointed to escort her from firing upon the enemy, and will run less risk of being disabled herself; and the s.h.i.+p so appointed and the two other nearest s.h.i.+ps are to a.s.sist her with their boats manned and armed.

She is to keep her yards braced up, that when she goes down to board, and has approached the s.h.i.+p she is to attempt, she may have nothing to do but to spring her luff.

Captains of fires.h.i.+ps are not to quit them till they have grappled the enemy, and have set fire to the train.

XXIV. Frigates have it in particular charge to frustrate the attempts of the enemy's fires.h.i.+ps, and to favour those of our own. When a fires.h.i.+p of the enemy therefore attempts to board a s.h.i.+p of the line, they are to endeavour to cut off the boats that attend her, and even to board her, if necessary.

XXV. The boats of a s.h.i.+p attempted by an enemy's fires.h.i.+p, with those of her seconds ahead and astern, are to use their utmost efforts to tow her off, the s.h.i.+ps at the same time firing to sink her.

XXVI. In action, all the s.h.i.+ps in the fleet are to wear red ensigns.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] This and Article II. appear to be the first mention of working the fleet by 'guides.'

[2] The original has here the following erasure: 'The same is to be understood of the bearing indicated, though the admiral should shape his course from the wind originally when the signal for forming upon a line of bearing is made.'

[3] It was Nelson's improvement on this unscientific method of attack that is the conspicuous feature of his Memorandum, 1803, but it must be remembered that Howe had not yet devised the manoeuvre of breaking the line in all parts on which Nelson's improvement was founded.