The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 98

6. B. Beckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (' long), the stout divergent awns (1' long) barbed only toward the apex.--Ponds and slow deep streams, Ma.s.s. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.--Oct.

57. THELESPeRMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Coreopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined.

Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns.--Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From ????, _a nipple_, and sp??a, _seed_, on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. gracile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1--2 high; leaves with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays short or usually none; achenes papillose.--Kan., south and westward.

58. BALDWiNIA, Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse.

Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7--9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.--A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2--3 high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1' long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late _Dr. William Baldwin_.)

1. B. uniflra, Nutt.--Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHaLLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.--Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for _Humphrey Marshall_, of Pennsylvania, author of _Arbustum Americanum_, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latiflia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile.--Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. caespitsa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.--Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4--5, small, roundish, pistillate.

Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting).--Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for _Galinsoga_, a Spanish botanist.)

G. PARVIFLRA, Cav. Smoothish (1 high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8--16.--Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPaPPUS, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6--12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked.

Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15--20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from ???, _membrane_, and p?pp??, _pappus_.)--Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

[*] _Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales._

1. H. scabiosae'us, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1--3 high); leaves 1--2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.--Sandy barrens, Ill.

and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbsus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.--Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] _Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener._

3. H. tenuiflius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1--2 high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.--Neb. to Ark.

and Tex.

62. ACTINeLLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate.

Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.--Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Actinea_, from ??t??, _ray_.)

[*] _Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire._

1. A. lineariflia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, 1 high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.--S. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.--Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLaBRA, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, _Man._), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A.

SCAPSA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

[*][*] _Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted._

3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1--2 high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1--3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELeNIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3--5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of 5--8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.--Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules.

(The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after _Helenus_, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflrum, Nutt. Somewhat p.u.b.erulent, 1--3 high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Ill.

and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June--Aug.

2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1--6 high; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6" broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow.--Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south and westward. Sept.

64. GAILLaRDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2--3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5--10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.--Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after _Gaillard de Merentonneau_.)

1. G. simplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.--S. Kan. to Tex.

2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1--2 high, finely p.u.b.escent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.--S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2 high; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coa.r.s.ely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.--Dak., west and southward.

65. DYSDIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets.

Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles.

Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.--Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name d?s?d?a, _an ill smell_, which the plants exemplify.)