The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 99

1. D. chrysanthemodes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6--18'

high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.--Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.

66. aNTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral.

Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.--Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. (???e??, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)

A. CoTULA, DC. (MAY-WEED.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, _DC._)--Common by roadsides.

(Nat. from Eu.)

A. ARVeNSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) p.u.b.escent _annual or biennial_, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1--2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.--Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. n.o.bILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and _perennial_, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.--Established near Lewiston, Delaware, _Nuttall._ (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLeA, L. YARROW.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.--Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by _Achilles_.)

1. A. Milleflium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple; _leaves twice-pinnately parted_; the divisions linear, 3--5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; _involucre oblong; rays 4--5, short_, white (sometimes rose-color).--Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. PTaRMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) _Leaves simple, lance-linear_, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; _rays 8--12, much longer than the broader campanulate involucre_; flowers white.--Ma.s.s., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICaRIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3--5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none.--Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. INODRA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes; _heads large_, naked-peduncled, and _with many long rays_; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.--(Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, _Prof. Verrill_. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. DISCOiDEA, DC. Low (6--9' high); leaves 2--3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; _heads rayless_, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus obsolete.--Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July--Sept.

69. CHRYSaNTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY.

Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus.--Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, ???s???e??, i.e. golden flower.)

C. LEUCaNTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins.

(Leucanthemum vulgare, _Lam._)--Fields and meadows; abundant eastward.

June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. PARTHeNIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-pinnately divided, the _divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed_, rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, _G.o.dron_.)--Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

70. TANACeTUM, L. TANSY.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3--5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry.

Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown.--Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1--3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads.

Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

T. VULGaRE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2--4 high) smooth; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.--Var. CRiSPUM has the leaves more cut and crisped.--Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1--3 high); lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (--{2/3}' wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3--5-cleft; pappus toothed.--St. John's River, Maine (_G. L. Goodale_), sh.o.r.es of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

71. ARTEMiSIA, L. WORMWOOD.

Heads discoid, few--many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked.

Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.--Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of _Artemisia_, wife of Mausolus.)

-- 1. _Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1._

[*] _Leaves dissected._

1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2--5 high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2--3-pinnately divided; _the divisions thread-form_, diverging; _heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle_; root biennial.--Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.

2. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or h.o.a.ry with silky down (1--2 high); lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3--7-divided, _the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled racemes_.--Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward.

(Eu.)

[*][*] _Leaves entire or some 3-cleft._

3. A. dracunculodes, Pursh. Tall (2--5), somewhat woody at base, slightly h.o.a.ry or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.--Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward.

4. A. glauca, Pall. Strict, 1--2 high, somewhat woody at base, minutely silky-p.u.b.escent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads as in the last.--Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)

5. A. filiflia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1--3 high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.--Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.

-- 2. _Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect._

Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. ABRoTINUM, L. (the SOUTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves 1--2-pinnatifid and p.u.b.escent heads, and A. PRCERA, L., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.

[*] _Tall (1--5) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles._

6. A. serrata, Nutt. Very leafy, 6--9 high; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish, oblong, 2" long or less.--Ill. to Dak.

7. A. longiflia, Nutt. Stem 2--5 high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2--3" long--Minn. to Neb., and westward.

8. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUGWORT.) _Whitened woolly_ throughout; _leaves lanceolate_, the upper _mostly entire_, the lower usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.--Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very variable.

A. VULGaRIS, L. (COMMON MUGWORT.) _Leaves mostly glabrous and green above_, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open panicles.--Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate._

9. A. Stelleriana, Bess. Stout, 1--2 high, from a creeping base; leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.--Sandy sea-beaches, E. Ma.s.s.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?

[*][*][*] _Less branched (1--3), biennial or annual, glabrous._

10. A. biennis, Willd. Strict, 1--3 high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or cl.u.s.ters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.--Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc.