Insectopedia Part 10

The insects are all around me now. They know we're at the end. They're saying, "Don't leave us out! Don't forget about us!" I'm trying hard to include them all. But, honestly, there are just too many. Even the most ambitious and richly ill.u.s.trated insectopedia wouldn't have room. Even Vincent Resh and Ring Carde's monumental Encyclopedia of Insects Encyclopedia of Insects had to perform some triage. had to perform some triage.

The beach flies stopped us from sleeping. Their bites were sharp stabs. They refused to leave us alone. In other ways, they were very Californian. They kept repeating the same thing, a four-part mantra: This is our beach too. Learn to live with imperfection. We're all in this together. The minuscule, a narrow gate, opens up an entire world.

NOTES.

Air1. P. A. Glick, P. A. Glick, The Distribution of Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Air The Distribution of Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Air, U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 671 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1939), 146.2. For these and other examples of airborne dispersal, see C. G. Johnson, For these and other examples of airborne dispersal, see C. G. Johnson, Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight (London: Methuen, 1969), 29496, 35859. I have drawn heavily on Johnson's cla.s.sic book and on Robert Dudley's (London: Methuen, 1969), 29496, 35859. I have drawn heavily on Johnson's cla.s.sic book and on Robert Dudley's The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000) for this chapter. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000) for this chapter.3. B. R. Coad, "Insects Captured by Airplane Are Found at Surprising Heights," in B. R. Coad, "Insects Captured by Airplane Are Found at Surprising Heights," in Yearbook of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture, 1931 (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1931), 322.4. Glick, Glick, Distribution of Insects Distribution of Insects, 87. On ballooning, see Robert B. Suter, "An Aerial Lottery: The Physics of Ballooning in a Chaotic Atmosphere," Journal of Arachnology Journal of Arachnology 27 (1999): 28193. 27 (1999): 28193.5. Johnson, Johnson, Migration and Dispersal Migration and Dispersal, 297.6. See, for instance, A. C. Hardy and P. S. Milne, "Studies in the Distribution of Insects by Aerial Currents: Experiments in Aerial Tow-Netting from Kites," See, for instance, A. C. Hardy and P. S. Milne, "Studies in the Distribution of Insects by Aerial Currents: Experiments in Aerial Tow-Netting from Kites," Journal of Animal Ecology Journal of Animal Ecology 7 (1938): 199229. 7 (1938): 199229.7. William Beebe, "Insect Migration at Rancho Grande in North-Central Venezuela: General Account," William Beebe, "Insect Migration at Rancho Grande in North-Central Venezuela: General Account," Zoologica Zoologica 34, no. 12 (1949): 10710. 34, no. 12 (1949): 10710.8. Dudley, Dudley, Biomechanics of Insect Flight Biomechanics of Insect Flight, 814, 3029.9. L. R. Taylor, "Aphid Dispersal and Diurnal Periodicity," L. R. Taylor, "Aphid Dispersal and Diurnal Periodicity," Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 169 (1958): 6773. 169 (1958): 6773.10. Dudley, Dudley, Biomechanics of Insect Flight Biomechanics of Insect Flight, 3256.11. Johnson, Johnson, Migration and Dispersal Migration and Dispersal, 606.12. Ibid., 294, 360. Ibid., 294, 360.

Chern.o.byl1. In English, these insects, cla.s.sified as a suborder of the Hemiptera, are known as the true bugs. In English, these insects, cla.s.sified as a suborder of the Hemiptera, are known as the true bugs.2. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera: The Beautiful and the Other, or Images of a Mutating World Heteroptera: The Beautiful and the Other, or Images of a Mutating World, trans. Christine Luisi (New York: Scalo, 2001), 90.3. Hesse-Honegger reflects on her career in a number of short published articles and, more extensively, in two books: Hesse-Honegger reflects on her career in a number of short published articles and, more extensively, in two books: Heteroptera Heteroptera and and Warum bin ich in osterfarnebo? Bin auch in Leibstadt, Beznau, Gosgen, Creys-Malville, Sellafield gewesen ... Warum bin ich in osterfarnebo? Bin auch in Leibstadt, Beznau, Gosgen, Creys-Malville, Sellafield gewesen ... [ [Why Am I in osterfarnebo? I Have Also Been to Leibstadt, Beznau, Gosgen, Creys-Malville, Sellafield ...] (Basel, Switzerland: editions Heuwinkel, 1989). A short article that includes four good-quality color reproductions can be found in Grand Street Grand Street 70 (Spring 2002): 196201. Two beautifully produced exhibition catalogs also contain autobiographical accounts and useful critical essays: Hesse-Honegger, 70 (Spring 2002): 196201. Two beautifully produced exhibition catalogs also contain autobiographical accounts and useful critical essays: Hesse-Honegger, After Chern.o.byl After Chern.o.byl (Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt fur Kultur/Verlag Lars Muller, 1992), and Hesse-Honegger, (Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt fur Kultur/Verlag Lars Muller, 1992), and Hesse-Honegger, The Future's Mirror The Future's Mirror, trans. Christine Luisi-Abbot (Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Locus+, 2000). My thanks to Steve Connell for all translations from the German.4. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 24.5. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, After Chern.o.byl After Chern.o.byl, 59.6. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 9.7. Galileo Galilei, Galileo Galilei, Sidereus nuncius, or The Sidereal Messenger Sidereus nuncius, or The Sidereal Messenger, trans. Albert Van Helden (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 42, quoted in Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 8.8. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Wenn Fliegen und Wanzen anders aussehen als sie solten" [When Flies and Bugs Don't Look the Way They Should], Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Wenn Fliegen und Wanzen anders aussehen als sie solten" [When Flies and Bugs Don't Look the Way They Should], Tages-Anzeiger Magazin Tages-Anzeiger Magazin, January 1988, 2025.9. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 9496.10. Ibid. Ibid.11. Hesse-Honegger discusses some of this material in the works already cited. For more detailed accounts, see, among others, Ernest J. Sterngla.s.s, Hesse-Honegger discusses some of this material in the works already cited. For more detailed accounts, see, among others, Ernest J. Sterngla.s.s, Secret Fallout: Low-Level Radiation from Hiros.h.i.+ma to Three Mile Island Secret Fallout: Low-Level Radiation from Hiros.h.i.+ma to Three Mile Island (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981); Ralph Graeub, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981); Ralph Graeub, The Petkau Effect: The Devastating Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Human Health and the Environment The Petkau Effect: The Devastating Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Human Health and the Environment (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994); Jay M. Gould and Benjamin A. Goldman, (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994); Jay M. Gould and Benjamin A. Goldman, Deadly Deceit: Low-Level Radiation High-Level Cover-up Deadly Deceit: Low-Level Radiation High-Level Cover-up (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1990); and Jay M. Gould, (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1990); and Jay M. Gould, The Enemy Within: The High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors The Enemy Within: The High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996). On activist alliances between scientists and community groups, see, for example, Steven Epstein, (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996). On activist alliances between scientists and community groups, see, for example, Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); Phil Brown and Edwin J. Mikkelsen, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); Phil Brown and Edwin J. Mikkelsen, No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); and Sabrina McCormick, Phil Brown, and Stephen Zvestoski, "The Personal Is Scientific, the Scientific Is Political: The Public Paradigm of the Environmental Breast Cancer Movement," (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); and Sabrina McCormick, Phil Brown, and Stephen Zvestoski, "The Personal Is Scientific, the Scientific Is Political: The Public Paradigm of the Environmental Breast Cancer Movement," Sociological Forum Sociological Forum 18, no. 4 (2003): 54576. My thanks to Alondra Nelson for directing me to Phil Brown's work. 18, no. 4 (2003): 54576. My thanks to Alondra Nelson for directing me to Phil Brown's work.12. For Busby's second-event theory, see Chris Busby, For Busby's second-event theory, see Chris Busby, Wings of Death: Nuclear Pollution and Human Health Wings of Death: Nuclear Pollution and Human Health (Aberystwyth, U.K.: Green Audit, 1995), and Busby, interview by Sunny Miller, May 8, 2004, Gra.s.srootspeace.org, (Aberystwyth, U.K.: Green Audit, 1995), and Busby, interview by Sunny Miller, May 8, 2004, Gra.s.srootspeace.org, http://traprockpeace.org/chris_busby_08may04.html.13. See, for example, the newspaper and magazine articles included in Hesse-Honegger, See, for example, the newspaper and magazine articles included in Hesse-Honegger, Warum bin ich in osterfarnebo? Warum bin ich in osterfarnebo?, 93101.14. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 99.15. Ibid., 127. Ibid., 127.16. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Leaf Bugs, Radioactivity and Art," Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Leaf Bugs, Radioactivity and Art," N.paradoxa: International Feminist Art Journal N.paradoxa: International Feminist Art Journal 9 (2002): 53. 9 (2002): 53.17. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Der Verdacht" [The Suspicion], Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Der Verdacht" [The Suspicion], Tages-Anzeiger Magazin Tages-Anzeiger Magazin, April 1989, 34.18. Max Bill, Max Bill, Konkrete Gestaltung Konkrete Gestaltung [ [Concrete Formation] in Zeitprobleme in der Schweizer Malerei und Plastik Zeitprobleme in der Schweizer Malerei und Plastik, exhibition catalogue (Kunsthaus Zurich, 1936), quoted in ibid., 82.19. Max Bill, quoted in Margit Weinberg-Staber, "Quiet Abodes of Geometry," in Max Bill, quoted in Margit Weinberg-Staber, "Quiet Abodes of Geometry," in Concrete Art in Europe after 1945 Concrete Art in Europe after 1945, ed. Marlene Lauter (Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2002), 77.20. Peter Suchin, "Forces of the Small: Painting as Sensuous Critique," quoted in Hesse-Honegger, Peter Suchin, "Forces of the Small: Painting as Sensuous Critique," quoted in Hesse-Honegger, Future's Mirror Future's Mirror, n.p.21. Hesse-Honegger, Hesse-Honegger, Heteroptera Heteroptera, 132.22. Ibid. Ibid.23. Ibid., 179. Ibid., 179.24. See especially Paul Feyerabend, See especially Paul Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge (London: New Left Books, 1975). (London: New Left Books, 1975).25. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study around the Hanford Site in the States Was.h.i.+ngton and Idaho, USA" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, 199899), n.p. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study around the Hanford Site in the States Was.h.i.+ngton and Idaho, USA" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, 199899), n.p.26. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study in the Area of the Nuclear Reprocessing Plant, La Hague, Normandie, France, 1999" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, 20002003), n.p. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study in the Area of the Nuclear Reprocessing Plant, La Hague, Normandie, France, 1999" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, 20002003), n.p.27. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study in the Area of the Nuclear Test Site, Nevada and Utah, USA, 1997" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, n.d.), n.p. Cornelia Hesse-Honegger, "Field Study in the Area of the Nuclear Test Site, Nevada and Utah, USA, 1997" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Zurich, n.d.), n.p.

Death1. Hans Erich Nossack, "Der Untergang," in Hans Erich Nossack, "Der Untergang," in Interview mit dem Tode Interview mit dem Tode (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, 1963), 238, quoted in W. G. Sebald, (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, 1963), 238, quoted in W. G. Sebald, On the Natural History of Destruction On the Natural History of Destruction, trans. Anthea Bell (New York: Random House, 2003), 35. Available in English: Hans Erich Nossack, The End: Hamburg 1943 The End: Hamburg 1943, trans. Joel Agee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).2. "Seen from Above," in "Seen from Above," in Miracle Fair: Selected Poems of Wisawa Szymborska Miracle Fair: Selected Poems of Wisawa Szymborska, trans. Joanna Trzeciak (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 66. My thanks to Dilip Menon and Lara Jacob for introducing me to Szymborska's work and to this poem in particular.3. Primo Levi, Primo Levi, Other People's Trades Other People's Trades, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Summit Books, 1989), 17.4. Nossack, "Der Untergang," quoted in Sebald, Nossack, "Der Untergang," quoted in Sebald, On the Natural History of Destruction On the Natural History of Destruction, 35.

Evolution1. Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Greenbottles," in Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Greenbottles," in The Life of the Fly The Life of the Fly, trans. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1913), 232; Fabre, "The Bluebottle: The Laying," in Life of the Fly Life of the Fly, 316. A full-length critical account of Fabre's work is Patrick Tort, Fabre: Le Miroir aux insectes Fabre: Le Miroir aux insectes (Paris: Vuibert/Adapt, 2002). See also Colin Favret, "Jean-Henri Fabre: His Life Experiences and Predisposition against Darwinism," (Paris: Vuibert/Adapt, 2002). See also Colin Favret, "Jean-Henri Fabre: His Life Experiences and Predisposition against Darwinism," American Entomologist American Entomologist 45, no. 1 (1999): 3848, and Georges Pasteur, "Jean Henri Fabre," 45, no. 1 (1999): 3848, and Georges Pasteur, "Jean Henri Fabre," Scientific American Scientific American, July 1994, 7480. More often, biographers have been happy to partic.i.p.ate in Fabre's self-fas.h.i.+oning while ignoring his theoretical ambitions. See, for example, Yves Delange, Fabre: L'homme qui aimait les insectes Fabre: L'homme qui aimait les insectes (Paris: Actes Sud, 1999). The "authorized biography" of Fabre was written by his friend and admirer Georges Victor Legros. G. V. Legros, (Paris: Actes Sud, 1999). The "authorized biography" of Fabre was written by his friend and admirer Georges Victor Legros. G. V. Legros, Fabre: Poet of Science Fabre: Poet of Science, trans. Bernard Miall (1913; repr., Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger, 2004).2. Fabre, "The Harmas," in Fabre, "The Harmas," in Life of the Fly Life of the Fly, 15.3. Tort, Tort, Fabre Fabre, 64.4. Fabre, "Harmas," quoted in ibid., 16. Fabre, "Harmas," quoted in ibid., 16.5. Tort, Tort, Fabre Fabre, 27.6. Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Odyneri," in Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Odyneri," in The Mason-Wasps The Mason-Wasps, trans. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1919), 59.7. Fabre, "Harmas," 18. Fabre, "Harmas," 18.8. Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Fable of the Cigale and the Ant," in Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Fable of the Cigale and the Ant," in Social Life in the Insect World Social Life in the Insect World, trans. Bernard Miall (New York: Century, 1912), 6; Fabre, "Harmas," 24.9. Fabre, "The Song of the Cigale," in Fabre, "The Song of the Cigale," in Social Life in the Insect World Social Life in the Insect World, 36.10. Norma Field, "Jean Henri Fabre and Insect Life in Modern j.a.pan" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, n.d.), 6. My thanks to Norma Field for sending me this extremely helpful paper. Norma Field, "Jean Henri Fabre and Insect Life in Modern j.a.pan" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, n.d.), 6. My thanks to Norma Field for sending me this extremely helpful paper.11. Fabre, quoted in Delange, Fabre, quoted in Delange, Fabre Fabre, 55.12. Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Bembex," in Jean-Henri Fabre, "The Bembex," in The Hunting Wasps The Hunting Wasps, trans. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915), 156.13. Fabre, "The Great Cerceris," in Fabre, "The Great Cerceris," in Hunting Wasps Hunting Wasps, 12.14. Fabre, "The Yellow-Winged Sphex," in Fabre, "The Yellow-Winged Sphex," in Hunting Wasps Hunting Wasps, 36.15. Fabre, "The Eumenes," in Fabre, "The Eumenes," in Mason-Wasps Mason-Wasps, 10, 12, 13.16. Fabre, "Aberrations of Instinct," in Fabre, "Aberrations of Instinct," in Mason-Wasps Mason-Wasps, 109.17. Fabre, quoted in Legros, Fabre, quoted in Legros, Fabre Fabre, 14.18. Fabre, quoted in ibid., 13. Fabre, quoted in ibid., 13.19. Fabre, quoted in ibid. Fabre, quoted in ibid.20. Tort ( Tort (Fabre, 57) describes the two men: "Unis par une vaste erudition, une sympathie ethique et l'experience partagee de la douleur." "Unis par une vaste erudition, une sympathie ethique et l'experience partagee de la douleur." Fabre and Mill undertook a joint, never-completed project to produce a flora of the Vaucluse. Fabre and Mill undertook a joint, never-completed project to produce a flora of the Vaucluse.21. Romain Rolland, letter to G. V. Legros, January 7, 1910, quoted in Delange, Romain Rolland, letter to G. V. Legros, January 7, 1910, quoted in Delange, Fabre Fabre, 322. The n.o.bel Prize that year was awarded to another great admirer of Fabre's, the dramatist Maurice Maeterlinck, a writer with an interest in entomology rather than an entomologist who was also a writer.22. Fabre, "Harmas," 14. Fabre, "Harmas," 14.23. Legros, Legros, Fabre Fabre, 17; Fabre, quoted in Tort, Fabre Fabre, 2526.24. Fabre, "Odyneri," 47. Fabre, "Odyneri," 47.25. Ibid., 46; Fabre, "Eumenes," 25. Ibid., 46; Fabre, "Eumenes," 25.26. See the thorough discussion in Tort, See the thorough discussion in Tort, Fabre Fabre, esp. 20540.27. Fabre, "The Modern Theory of Instinct," in Fabre, "The Modern Theory of Instinct," in Hunting Wasps Hunting Wasps, 403.28. Fabre, "The Ammophilae," in Fabre, "The Ammophilae," in Hunting Wasps Hunting Wasps, 271.29. Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to s.e.x The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to s.e.x (London: Penguin, 2004), 88, 87. See also Daniel R. Papaj, "Automatic Learning and the Evolution of Instinct: Lessons from Learning in Parasitoids," in (London: Penguin, 2004), 88, 87. See also Daniel R. Papaj, "Automatic Learning and the Evolution of Instinct: Lessons from Learning in Parasitoids," in Insect Learning: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives Insect Learning: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. Daniel R. Papaj and Alcinda C. Lewis (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1993), 24372.30. Fabre, "Modern Theory of Instinct," 411. Fabre, "Modern Theory of Instinct," 411.31. Fabre, "Ammophilae," 269. Fabre, "Ammophilae," 269.32. Ibid., 270. Ibid., 270.33. Ibid., 37778. Ibid., 37778.34. R. J. Herrnstein, "Nature as Nurture: Behaviorism and the Instinct Doctrine," R. J. Herrnstein, "Nature as Nurture: Behaviorism and the Instinct Doctrine," Behavior and Philosophy Behavior and Philosophy 26 (1998): 83; previously published in 26 (1998): 83; previously published in Behavior Behavior 1, no. 1 (1972): 2352. 1, no. 1 (1972): 2352.35. Ibid., 81. Ibid., 81.36. William James, William James, The Principles of Psychology The Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, 1890), 2:384, quoted in Herrnstein, ibid., 81. (New York: Holt, 1890), 2:384, quoted in Herrnstein, ibid., 81.37. William McDougall, William McDougall, An Introduction to Social Psychology An Introduction to Social Psychology (London: Methuen, 1908), 44. (London: Methuen, 1908), 44.38. Christian Kerslake, "Insects and Incest: From Bergson and Jung to Deleuze," Christian Kerslake, "Insects and Incest: From Bergson and Jung to Deleuze," Mult.i.tudes: Revue Politique, Artistique, Philosophique Mult.i.tudes: Revue Politique, Artistique, Philosophique, October 22, 2006, 2.39. Henri Bergson, Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution Creative Evolution, trans. Arthur Mitch.e.l.l (1911; repr., Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1989), 174. It is interesting to note that the wasps continue on this route via Bergson through the continental philosophy of the twentieth century to reach Deleuze and Guattari's A Thousand Plateaus A Thousand Plateaus in the form of the becoming animal, the wasp and the orchid that each becomes partly the other in the moment of embrace, the famous wasp-orchid that seems to have its originary spark in the Ammophila-Fabre. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, in the form of the becoming animal, the wasp and the orchid that each becomes partly the other in the moment of embrace, the famous wasp-orchid that seems to have its originary spark in the Ammophila-Fabre. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Ma.s.sumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).40. Bertrand Russell, Bertrand Russell, The a.n.a.lysis of Mind The a.n.a.lysis of Mind (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921), 56, quoted in Kerslake, "Insects and Incest," 3. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1921), 56, quoted in Kerslake, "Insects and Incest," 3.41. Tort, Tort, Fabre Fabre, 23235.42. Fabre, "Harmas," 14. Fabre, "Harmas," 14.43. My thanks to Gavin Whitelaw for his generous gift of a complete set of Fabre 7-Eleven figurines! Thanks also to s.h.i.+ho Satsuka for finding a copy of Yokota Tokuo's My thanks to Gavin Whitelaw for his generous gift of a complete set of Fabre 7-Eleven figurines! Thanks also to s.h.i.+ho Satsuka for finding a copy of Yokota Tokuo's Konchu no tankensha Faaburu Konchu no tankensha Faaburu (Tokyo: Gakken, 1978), a very popular manga of Fabre's life story. On this, see Field, "Jean Henri Fabre," 4. (Tokyo: Gakken, 1978), a very popular manga of Fabre's life story. On this, see Field, "Jean Henri Fabre," 4.44. I take this figure from Pasteur, "Jean Henri Fabre," 74. I take this figure from Pasteur, "Jean Henri Fabre," 74.45. Ok.u.moto Daizaburo, Ok.u.moto Daizaburo, Hakubutsugakuno kyojin Anri Faburu Hakubutsugakuno kyojin Anri Faburu [ [Henri Fabre: A Giant of Natural History of Natural History] (Tokyo: Syueisya, 1999), 27. All translations from the j.a.panese, unless otherwise noted, are by CJ Suzuki. See also Field, "Jean Henri Fabre," 1820.46. Osugi Sakae, "I Like a Spirit," in Osugi Sakae, "I Like a Spirit," in A Short History of the Anarchist Movement in j.a.pan A Short History of the Anarchist Movement in j.a.pan, ed. Libertaire Group (Tokyo: Idea, 1979), 132. Osugi's wife, the feminist Ito Noe, and their seven-year-old nephew were murdered with him in 1923.47. Jean-Henri Fabre, Jean-Henri Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques Souvenirs entomologiques (Paris: Delagrave, 1886) 3:309, quoted in Favret, "Jean-Henri Fabre," 46. (Paris: Delagrave, 1886) 3:309, quoted in Favret, "Jean-Henri Fabre," 46.48. Osugi was an admirer and early translator of Peter Kropotkin, who argued powerfully for mutual aid and cooperation rather than compet.i.tion as the basis for evolution. Yet paradoxically, Osugi was also known as a social Darwinist, a philosophy widespread in j.a.pan at the time. It was via the Spencerian disdain for cooperation and the celebration of compet.i.tion as the motive force of human existence that Darwinism entered Meiji j.a.pan, along with Western science, in the 1870s. See Field, "Jean Henri Fabre," 19 and 27n80. Osugi was an admirer and early translator of Peter Kropotkin, who argued powerfully for mutual aid and cooperation rather than compet.i.tion as the basis for evolution. Yet paradoxically, Osugi was also known as a social Darwinist, a philosophy widespread in j.a.pan at the time. It was via the Spencerian disdain for cooperation and the celebration of compet.i.tion as the motive force of human existence that Darwinism entered Meiji j.a.pan, along with Western science, in the 1870s. See Field, "Jean Henri Fabre," 19 and 27n80.49. Fabre, Fabre, Souvenirs entomologiques Souvenirs entomologiques, vol. 8, quoted in Favret, "Jean-Henri Fabre," 46.50. Ok.u.moto, Ok.u.moto, Faburu Faburu, 189.51. Yoro Takes.h.i.+, Ok.u.moto Daizaburo, and Ikeda Kiyohiko, Yoro Takes.h.i.+, Ok.u.moto Daizaburo, and Ikeda Kiyohiko, San-nin yoreba mus.h.i.+-no-chi'e San-nin yoreba mus.h.i.+-no-chi'e [ [Put Three Heads Together to Match the Wisdom of a Mus.h.i.+] (Tokyo: Yosensya, 1996).52. Imanis.h.i.+ Kinji, Imanis.h.i.+ Kinji, The World of Living Things The World of Living Things, trans. Pamela J. Asquith, Heita Kawakatsu, Shusuke Yagi, and Hiroyuki Takasaki (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002); Imanis.h.i.+, "A Proposal for s.h.i.+zengaku: The Conclusion to My Study of Evolutionary Theory," Journal of Social and Biological Structures Journal of Social and Biological Structures 7 (1984): 357368. 7 (1984): 357368.53. For an attack on Imanis.h.i.+ that can only be described as racist, see Beverly Halstead, "Anti-Darwinian Theory in j.a.pan," For an attack on Imanis.h.i.+ that can only be described as racist, see Beverly Halstead, "Anti-Darwinian Theory in j.a.pan," Nature Nature 317 (1985): 58789. And for a smart response, see Frans B. M. de Waal, "Silent Invasion: Imanis.h.i.+'s Primatology and Cultural Bias in Science," 317 (1985): 58789. And for a smart response, see Frans B. M. de Waal, "Silent Invasion: Imanis.h.i.+'s Primatology and Cultural Bias in Science," Animal Cognition Animal Cognition 6 (2003): 29399. 6 (2003): 29399.54. Imanis.h.i.+, "Proposal for s.h.i.+zengaku," 360. Imanis.h.i.+, "Proposal for s.h.i.+zengaku," 360.55. Arne Kalland and Pamela J. Asquith, "j.a.panese Perceptions of Nature: Ideals and Illusions," in Arne Kalland and Pamela J. Asquith, "j.a.panese Perceptions of Nature: Ideals and Illusions," in j.a.panese Images of Nature: Cultural Perceptions j.a.panese Images of Nature: Cultural Perceptions, ed. Pamela J. Asquith and Arne Kalland (Richmond, U.K.: Curzon Press, 1997), 2. See also Julia Adeney Thomas's fascinating Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in j.a.panese Political Ideology Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in j.a.panese Political Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001). (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).56. J. L. Austin, J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words How to Do Things with Words (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1962). See also Alexei Yurchak, (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1962). See also Alexei Yurchak, Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005). (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005).57. Stephen Jay Gould, "Nonmoral Nature," in Stephen Jay Gould, "Nonmoral Nature," in Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 32. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 32.58. Ibid. Ibid.59. Ibid. Ibid.

Generosity (the Happy Times)1. Jia's Jia's Cu zhi jing Cu zhi jing is most readily accessible in Wu Zhao Lian, is most readily accessible in Wu Zhao Lian, Xishuai mipu Xishuai mipu [ [Secret Cricket Books] (Tianjin, China: Gu Ji Shu Dan Ancient Books, 1992).2. Quoted in Hsiung Ping-chen, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug: The Cricket in Chinese Zoological Lore" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Taipei, Taiwan, n.d.), 1516 (translation slightly amended). My thanks to Professor Hsiung for her generosity in providing a copy of this fascinating paper. Quoted in Hsiung Ping-chen, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug: The Cricket in Chinese Zoological Lore" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, Taipei, Taiwan, n.d.), 1516 (translation slightly amended). My thanks to Professor Hsiung for her generosity in providing a copy of this fascinating paper.3. Ibid., 17. The entomologist Chou Io is less forgiving. "From this presentation [of Jia's activities]," he writes, "one can see how the luxurious rulers in feudal society treated the fate of the nation and people." Chou, Ibid., 17. The entomologist Chou Io is less forgiving. "From this presentation [of Jia's activities]," he writes, "one can see how the luxurious rulers in feudal society treated the fate of the nation and people." Chou, A History of Chinese Entomology A History of Chinese Entomology, trans. w.a.n.g Siming (Xi'an, China: Tianze Press, 1990), 177.4. Isolated descriptions of insect life, often poetic, can be found much earlier, in, for example, the Isolated descriptions of insect life, often poetic, can be found much earlier, in, for example, the Er-ya Er-ya (ca. 500200 (ca. 500200 B.C. B.C., a work that likely predates Aristotle's Historia animalium Historia animalium as the world's first taxonomic natural history. For a detailed history of Chinese insect knowledge, see Chou, as the world's first taxonomic natural history. For a detailed history of Chinese insect knowledge, see Chou, History of Chinese Entomology. History of Chinese Entomology. For historical accounts of crickets in Chinese culture, see Liu Xinyuan, "Amusing the Emperor: The Discovery of Xuande Period Cricket Jars from the Ming Imperial Kilns," For historical accounts of crickets in Chinese culture, see Liu Xinyuan, "Amusing the Emperor: The Discovery of Xuande Period Cricket Jars from the Ming Imperial Kilns," Orientations Orientations 26, no. 8 (1995): 6277; Yin-Ch'i Hsu, "Crickets in China," 26, no. 8 (1995): 6277; Yin-Ch'i Hsu, "Crickets in China," Bulletin of the Peking Society of Natural History Bulletin of the Peking Society of Natural History 111, pt. 1 (192829): 541; Berthold Laufer, 111, pt. 1 (192829): 541; Berthold Laufer, Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1927), reprinted in Lisa Gail Ryan, ed., (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1927), reprinted in Lisa Gail Ryan, ed., Insect Musicians and Cricket Champions: A Cultural History of Singing Insects in China and j.a.pan Insect Musicians and Cricket Champions: A Cultural History of Singing Insects in China and j.a.pan (San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, 1996); Jin Xingbao, "Chinese Cricket Culture," (San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, 1996); Jin Xingbao, "Chinese Cricket Culture," Cultural Entomology Digest Cultural Entomology Digest 3 (November 1994), 3 (November 1994), http://www.insects.org/ced3/chinese_crcul.html; and Hsiung, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug."5. Hsiung, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug," 17. Hsiung, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug," 17.6. Liu, "Amusing the Emperor." Liu, "Amusing the Emperor."7. Pu Songling, "The Cricket," in Pu Songling, "The Cricket," in Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio, trans. Denis C. Mair and Victor H. Mair (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2001), 17587. For the ethnohistorical background to Pu's story, see Liu, "Amusing the Emperor," 6265.8. Seventy-two is a widely cited total, perhaps because it is both a significant number in popular Taoism and the number of Earthly Warriors in Seventy-two is a widely cited total, perhaps because it is both a significant number in popular Taoism and the number of Earthly Warriors in Water Margin Water Margin (also known as (also known as Outlaws of the Marsh Outlaws of the Marsh), a work first published in the sixteenth century and considered one of the four great cla.s.sical novels of Chinese literature.9. Jin Xingbao and Liu Xianwei, Jin Xingbao and Liu Xianwei, Qan jian min cun de xuan yan han guang shang Qan jian min cun de xuan yan han guang shang [ [Common Singing Insects: Selection, Care, and Appreciation] (Shanghai, China: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1996), 114. Thomas J. Walker and Sinzo Masaki make the same point but identify different species. They write, "Even though more than 60 varieties of fighters are recognized in Chinese cricket manuals, all belong to four species (Velarifictorus aspersus, Teleogryllus testaceus, T. mitratus, and Gryllus bimaculatus Gryllus bimaculatus)." Walker and Masaki, "Natural History," in Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology, ed. Franz Huber, Thomas E. Moore, and Werner Loher (Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock/Cornell University Press, 1990), 40. There is a significant scientific literature on aggression among male crickets, although I'm not aware of studies on the relevant species. See, for example, Kevin A. Dixon and William H. Cade, "Some Factors Influencing Male-Male Aggression in the Field Cricket Gryllus integer Gryllus integer (Time of Day, Age, Weight and s.e.xual Maturity)," (Time of Day, Age, Weight and s.e.xual Maturity)," Animal Behavior Animal Behavior 34 (1986): 34046, which finds that aggression is more marked among s.e.xually mature individuals, and L. W. Simmons, "Inter-Male Compet.i.tion and Mating Success in the Field-Cricket, 34 (1986): 34046, which finds that aggression is more marked among s.e.xually mature individuals, and L. W. Simmons, "Inter-Male Compet.i.tion and Mating Success in the Field-Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus Gryllus bimaculatus (de Geer)," (de Geer)," Animal Behavior Animal Behavior 34 (1986): 567-69, which concludes, rather interestingly, that "individual compet.i.tive ability was determined by ... an individual's past experience of winning ('confidence')." 34 (1986): 567-69, which concludes, rather interestingly, that "individual compet.i.tive ability was determined by ... an individual's past experience of winning ('confidence')."10. An authoritative list of these variables can be found at Xishuai.com ( An authoritative list of these variables can be found at Xishuai.com (http://www.xishuai.com), a cricket-lovers' site organized by Dr. Li s.h.i.+jun. See also the "Song for the Selection of Northern Crickets" in Wu Hua, Chong qu Chong qu [ [Insect Delights] (Shanghai, China: Xue Ling, 2004), 168.11. Xu Xiaomin, "Cricket Matches-Chinese Style," Xu Xiaomin, "Cricket Matches-Chinese Style," Shanghai Star Shanghai Star, September 4, 2003. Three hundred million yuan equals about U.S. $44 million at the 2009 rate of one yuan equaling fifteen cents.12. Li s.h.i.+jun, "Secrets of Cricket-Fighting," Li s.h.i.+jun, "Secrets of Cricket-Fighting," Xinmin Evening News Xinmin Evening News (Shanghai), September 25, 2005. (Shanghai), September 25, 2005.13. Wu, Wu, Chong qu Chong qu, 165.14. On migrant labor in Chinese cities, see Dorothy J. Solinger, On migrant labor in Chinese cities, see Dorothy J. Solinger, Contesting Citizens.h.i.+p in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market Contesting Citizens.h.i.+p in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), and Li Zhang, "Migration and Privatization of s.p.a.ce and Power in Late Socialist China," (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), and Li Zhang, "Migration and Privatization of s.p.a.ce and Power in Late Socialist China," American Ethnologist American Ethnologist 28, no. 1 (2001): 179205. Projected revisions to the 28, no. 1 (2001): 179205. Projected revisions to the hukou hukou household registration system are not slated to include Shanghai at this time. household registration system are not slated to include Shanghai at this time.15. On head shaking, see James Farrer, On head shaking, see James Farrer, Opening Up: Youth s.e.x Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai Opening Up: Youth s.e.x Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 31112. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 31112.16. Li s.h.i.+jun, Li s.h.i.+jun, Zhongguo dou xi jian shang Zhongguo dou xi jian shang [ [An Appreciation of Chinese Cricket Fighting] (Shanghai, China: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2001); Li s.h.i.+jun, Zhonghua xishuai wus.h.i.+ bu xuan Zhonghua xishuai wus.h.i.+ bu xuan [ [Fifty Taboos of Cricket Collecting] (Shanghai, China: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2002); Li s.h.i.+jun, Nan pen kuan tan Nan pen kuan tan [ [Pots of the South] (Shanghai, China: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2003); Li s.h.i.+jun, Min jien cuan s.h.i.+: shang pin xishuai 108 pin Min jien cuan s.h.i.+: shang pin xishuai 108 pin [ [An Anthology of Lore of One Hundred and Eight Excellent Crickets] (Hong Kong: Wenhui, 2008).17. Li Jun, "Anthropologist Studying HumanInsect Relations, U.S. Professor Wants to Publish a Book on Crickets," Li Jun, "Anthropologist Studying HumanInsect Relations, U.S. Professor Wants to Publish a Book on Crickets," Shanghai Evening Post Shanghai Evening Post, September 30, 2005.18. For a useful introduction to ideas of nature in China, see Yi-Fu Tuan, "Discrepancies between Environmental Att.i.tude and Behaviour: Examples from Europe and China," For a useful introduction to ideas of nature in China, see Yi-Fu Tuan, "Discrepancies between Environmental Att.i.tude and Behaviour: Examples from Europe and China," Canadian Geographer Canadian Geographer 12, no. 3 (1968): 17691. My thanks to Janet Sturgeon for pointing me to this article. 12, no. 3 (1968): 17691. My thanks to Janet Sturgeon for pointing me to this article.19. See Ackbar Abbas, "Play It Again Shanghai: Urban Preservation in the Global Era," in See Ackbar Abbas, "Play It Again Shanghai: Urban Preservation in the Global Era," in Shanghai Reflections: Architecture, Urbanism and the Search for an Alternative Modernity Shanghai Reflections: Architecture, Urbanism and the Search for an Alternative Modernity, ed. Mario Gandelsonas (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), 3755; and Abbas, "Cosmopolitan De-scriptions: Shanghai and Hong Kong," Public Culture Public Culture 12, no. 3 (2000): 76986. See also Andrew Ross, 12, no. 3 (2000): 76986. See also Andrew Ross, Fast Boat to China: Corporate Flight and the Consequences of Free Trade; Lessons from Shanghai Fast Boat to China: Corporate Flight and the Consequences of Free Trade; Lessons from Shanghai (New York: Pantheon, 2006). (New York: Pantheon, 2006).20. Li s.h.i.+jun, "Secrets of Cricket-Fighting." Li s.h.i.+jun, "Secrets of Cricket-Fighting."21. Li s.h.i.+jun, Li s.h.i.+jun, Fifty Taboos of Cricket Collecting Fifty Taboos of Cricket Collecting, 84.22. Wu, Wu, Chong qu Chong qu, 24751.23. I have taken this version of "The Seventh Month" from Liu, "Amusing the Emperor," 63; the original source is Chen Huan, I have taken this version of "The Seventh Month" from Liu, "Amusing the Emperor," 63; the original source is Chen Huan, s.h.i.+jing maos.h.i.+zhuan shu s.h.i.+jing maos.h.i.+zhuan shu [ [Mao's Edition of The Book of Songs] (Shanghai, China: 1934), 10, 76. Discussions also appear in Hsiung, "From Singing Bird to Fighting Bug," 79, and Jin, "Chinese Cricket Culture."24. Simmons, "Inter-Male Compet.i.tion," 578. Simmons, "Inter-Male Compet.i.tion," 578.

Heads and How to Use Them1. Nicholas Wade, "Flyweights, Yes, but Fighters Nonetheless: Fruit Flies Bred for Aggressiveness," Nicholas Wade, "Flyweights, Yes, but Fighters Nonetheless: Fruit Flies Bred for Aggressiveness," New York Times New York Times, October 10, 2006; Herman A. Dierick and Ralph J. Greenspan, "Molecular a.n.a.lysis of Flies Selected for Aggressive Behavior," Nature Genetics Nature Genetics 38, no. 9 (September 2006): 102331. See also Ralph J. Greenspan and Herman A. Dierick, "'Am Not I a Fly Like Thee?' From Genes in Fruit Flies to Behavior in Humans," 38, no. 9 (September 2006): 102331. See also Ralph J. Greenspan and Herman A. Dierick, "'Am Not I a Fly Like Thee?' From Genes in Fruit Flies to Behavior in Humans," Human Molecular Genetics Human Molecular Genetics 13, no. 2 (2004): R267R273. 13, no. 2 (2004): R267R273.2. Wade, "Flyweights." Wade, "Flyweights."3. Robert E. Kohler, Robert E. Kohler, Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 23. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 23.4. Anita Guerrini describes Louis Pasteur using animals "as his test tubes." "Thereafter," she writes, "bacteriological and immunological research became inextricably linked to the use of animals as culture media." Guerrini, Anita Guerrini describes Louis Pasteur using animals "as his test tubes." "Thereafter," she writes, "bacteriological and immunological research became inextricably linked to the use of animals as culture media." Guerrini, Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 98. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 98.5. Kohler, Kohler, Lords of the Fly Lords of the Fly, 53.6. Thomas Hunt Morgan, quoted ibid., 73. Thomas Hunt Morgan, quoted ibid., 73.7. Ibid., 67. Ibid., 67.8. On this, see Rebecca M. Herzig, On this, see Rebecca M. Herzig, Suffering for Science: Reason and Sacrifice in Modern America Suffering for Science: Reason and Sacrifice in Modern America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2005). The Haldane quote is from a letter to L. C. Dunn, October 19, 1932, cited in Kohler, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2005). The Haldane quote is from a letter to L. C. Dunn, October 19, 1932, cited in Kohler, Lords of the Fly Lords of the Fly, 80.9. Erica Fudge, Erica Fudge, Animal Animal (London: Reaktion Books, 2002). My thanks also to Danny Solomon at UC Santa Cruz for interesting conversations on this question. (London: Reaktion Books, 2002). My thanks also to Danny Solomon at UC Santa Cruz for interesting conversations on this question.10. Greenspan and Dierick, "'Am Not I a Fly Like Thee?,'" R267. Greenspan and Dierick, "'Am Not I a Fly Like Thee?,'" R267.11. Elias Canetti, Elias Canetti, Crowds and Power Crowds and Power, trans. Carol Stewart (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1962), 205. My thanks to Dejan Lukic for pointing me to this pa.s.sage.12. Annemarie Mol, Annemarie Mol, The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 126. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 126.

The Ineffable1. Joris Hoefnagel, Joris Hoefnagel, The Four Elements The Four Elements, vol. 1, Animalia rationalia et insecta Animalia rationalia et insecta ( (Ignis), watercolor and gouache on vellum, 1582, National Gallery of Art, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C. For this chapter, I have drawn extensively on the work of Lee Hendrix, curator of drawings at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles and authority on Joris Hoefnagel, particularly her excellent "Of Hirsutes and Insects: Joris Hoefnagel and the Art of the Wondrous," Word and Image Word and Image 11, no. 4 (1995): 37390. In addition, see Lee Hendrix, "Joris Hoefnagel and 11, no. 4 (1995): 37390. In addition, see Lee Hendrix, "Joris Hoefnagel and The Four Elements: The Four Elements: A Study in Sixteenth-Century Nature Painting" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1984), and, with Thea Vignau-Wilberg, A Study in Sixteenth-Century Nature Painting" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1984), and, with Thea Vignau-Wilberg, Mira calligraphiae monumenta: A Sixteenth-Century Calligraphic Ma.n.u.script Inscribed by Georg Bocskay and Illuminated by Joris Hoefnagel Mira calligraphiae monumenta: A Sixteenth-Century Calligraphic Ma.n.u.script Inscribed by Georg Bocskay and Illuminated by Joris Hoefnagel (Malibu, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1992). See also the helpful contextualizing discussion of Hoefnagel and his son Jacob in Thea Vignau-Wilberg, (Malibu, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1992). See also the helpful contextualizing discussion of Hoefnagel and his son Jacob in Thea Vignau-Wilberg, Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii, 1592: Nature, Poetry and Science in Art around 1600 Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii, 1592: Nature, Poetry and Science in Art around 1600 (Munich, Germany: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, 1994). (Munich, Germany: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, 1994).2. Thomas Moffett quoted in Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects," in Thomas Moffett quoted in Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects," in Archetypa Archetypa, 42n14. Moffett's volume is compiled from the entomological notes of the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner, as well as from work by the Londoners Thomas Penny and Edward Wotton. See Edward Topsell, The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents and Insects The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents and Insects, vol. 3, The Theatre of Insects The Theatre of Insects by T. Moffett (London, 1658; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1967). Gesner had planned the sixth and final volume of his by T. Moffett (London, 1658; repr., New York: Da Capo Press, 1967). Gesner had planned the sixth and final volume of his Historiae animalium Historiae animalium to cover the insects but managed to complete only a short section on scorpions before he died in 1565. On Moffett, see Frances Dawbarn, "New Light on Dr Thomas Moffet: The Triple Roles of an Early Modern Physician, Client, and Patronage Broker," to cover the insects but managed to complete only a short section on scorpions before he died in 1565. On Moffett, see Frances Dawbarn, "New Light on Dr Thomas Moffet: The Triple Roles of an Early Modern Physician, Client, and Patronage Broker," Medical History Medical History 47, no. 1 (2003): 322. 47, no. 1 (2003): 322.3. Topsell, "Epistle Dedicatory," in Topsell, "Epistle Dedicatory," in Theater of Insects Theater of Insects, 6. Moffett is quoting Psalms 92:5 "How great are Thy works, oh Lord!" My thanks to Abigail Winograd for making this connection.4. Max Beier, "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists during the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century," in Max Beier, "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists during the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century," in History of Entomology History of Entomology, ed. Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith (Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1973), 8194. For a fascinating extended discussion of Aldrovandi, see Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); in relation to the study of insects specifically, see Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects." (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); in relation to the study of insects specifically, see Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects."5. Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 382. Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 382.6. Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects," 39. And see, for comparison, the similar but far more ancient East Asian preoccupation with miniaturization explored in Rolf A. Stein, Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects," 39. And see, for comparison, the similar but far more ancient East Asian preoccupation with miniaturization explored in Rolf A. Stein, The World in Miniature: Container Gardens and Dwellings in Far Eastern Religious Thought The World in Miniature: Container Gardens and Dwellings in Far Eastern Religious Thought, trans. Phyllis Brooks (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990); see also Francois Jullien, The Propensity of Things: Toward a History of Efficacy in China The Propensity of Things: Toward a History of Efficacy in China, trans. Janet Lloyd (New York: Zone Books, 1995), esp. 9498.7. See R.J.W. Evans, See R.J.W. Evans, Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History, 15761612 Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History, 15761612 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973), and Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973), and Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, The School of Prague: Painting at the Court of Rudolf II The School of Prague: Painting at the Court of Rudolf II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988). (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).8. Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 48 (emphasis added). (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 48 (emphasis added).9. In this sense, Hoefnagel can be regarded as an eirenist. See ibid., 9293. In this sense, Hoefnagel can be regarded as an eirenist. See ibid., 9293.10. For an account of the ways in which epistemologies that appear contradictory to modern understandings could productively coexist in late-sixteenth-century scholars.h.i.+p, see Stephen J. Greenblatt's insightful discussion of John Dee in For an account of the ways in which epistemologies that appear contradictory to modern understandings could productively coexist in late-sixteenth-century scholars.h.i.+p, see Stephen J. Greenblatt's insightful discussion of John Dee in Sir Walter Ralegh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles Sir Walter Ralegh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973). Also, famously, Frances A. Yates, (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973). Also, famously, Frances A. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991); Yates, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991); Yates, The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age (London: Routledge, 2001); and Anthony Grafton, (London: Routledge, 2001); and Anthony Grafton, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1999). (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1999).11. Evans, Evans, Rudolf II and His World Rudolf II and His World, 248 (emphasis removed).12. Francis Bacon, Francis Bacon, Sylva sylvarum, or A Naturall History in Ten Centuries Sylva sylvarum, or A Naturall History in Ten Centuries (London, 1627), century 7, 143. Mary Poovey has convincingly argued that Bacon's empirical "revolution" was more a question of style than substance, though no less effective for that. Poovey, (London, 1627), century 7, 143. Mary Poovey has convincingly argued that Bacon's empirical "revolution" was more a question of style than substance, though no less effective for that. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 1011. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 1011.13. Lorraine Daston, "Attention and the Values of Nature in the Enlightenment," in Lorraine Daston, "Attention and the Values of Nature in the Enlightenment," in The Moral Authority of Nature The Moral Authority of Nature, ed. Lorraine Daston and Fernando Vidal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 100126. For a discussion of wonder in relation to the exploration of the Americas, see Stephen J. Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). For an account of an Elizabethan England in which (un)natural events were conventionally understood in terms of portentous correspondences, see E.M.W. Tillyard, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). For an account of an Elizabethan England in which (un)natural events were conventionally understood in terms of portentous correspondences, see E.M.W. Tillyard, The Elizabethan World Picture The Elizabethan World Picture (London: Chatto and Windus, 1943), and the early chapters of Keith Thomas, (London: Chatto and Windus, 1943), and the early chapters of Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility (New York: Pantheon, 1983). (New York: Pantheon, 1983).14. Topsell, "Epistle Dedicatory," 3. Topsell, "Epistle Dedicatory," 3.15. Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 11501750 Wonders and the Order of Nature, 11501750 (New York: Zone Books, 1998), 14. (New York: Zone Books, 1998), 14.16. Daston and Park, Daston and Park, Wonders Wonders, 167. And, among others, Oliver Impey and Arthur MacGregor, eds., The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Europe (New York: Clarendon Press, 1985); Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen, eds., (New York: Clarendon Press, 1985); Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen, eds., Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe (New York: Routledge, 2002); and Findlen, (New York: Routledge, 2002); and Findlen, Possessing Nature. Possessing Nature.17. Though, as the precision of Hoefnagel's attention to morphology makes evident, it would be a mistake to imagine this break as one between new science and old superst.i.tion. For a brief and effective introduction to recent scholars.h.i.+p on this question, see Steven Shapin, Though, as the precision of Hoefnagel's attention to morphology makes evident, it would be a mistake to imagine this break as one between new science and old superst.i.tion. For a brief and effective introduction to recent scholars.h.i.+p on this question, see Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).18. Such as: "In all natural things there is something of the marvellous." Aristotle, Such as: "In all natural things there is something of the marvellous." Aristotle, Parts of Animals Parts of Animals, trans. A. L. Peck, Loeb Cla.s.sical Library 323 (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1937), 645a.19. See Edward Grant, "Aristotelianism and the Longevity of the Medieval World View," See Edward Grant, "Aristotelianism and the Longevity of the Medieval World View," History of Science History of Science 16 (1978): 93106. We can extend this claim even to the alchemists, although as R.J.W. Evans makes clear, "their 'Aristotle' was a mystic sage." Evans, 16 (1978): 93106. We can extend this claim even to the alchemists, although as R.J.W. Evans makes clear, "their 'Aristotle' was a mystic sage." Evans, Rudolf II and His World Rudolf II and His World, 203n2.20. John Scarborough, "On the History of Early Entomology, Chiefly Greek and Roman with a Preliminary Bibliography," John Scarborough, "On the History of Early Entomology, Chiefly Greek and Roman with a Preliminary Bibliography," Melsheimer Entomological Series Melsheimer Entomological Series 26 (1979): 1727. Although there is no good a.n.a.logue in contemporary systematics, the Aristotelian 26 (1979): 1727. Although there is no good a.n.a.logue in contemporary systematics, the Aristotelian entomon entomon resembled the modern Arthropoda phylum more closely than it did the cla.s.s Insecta. As well as such anomalies as the worms, it included the modern insecta, arachnids, and myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), although it excluded the crustaceans. For overviews, see Gunter Morge, "Entomology in the Western World in Antiquity and in Medieval Times," in Smith, Mittler, and Smith, resembled the modern Arthropoda phylum more closely than it did the cla.s.s Insecta. As well as such anomalies as the worms, it included the modern insecta, arachnids, and myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), although it excluded the crustaceans. For overviews, see Gunter Morge, "Entomology in the Western World in Antiquity and in Medieval Times," in Smith, Mittler, and Smith, History of Entomology History of Entomology, 3780, and Harry B. Weiss, "The Entomology of Aristotle," Journal of the New York Entomological Society Journal of the New York Entomological Society 37 (1929): 1019. See also Malcolm Davies and Jeyaraney Kathirithamby, 37 (1929): 1019. See also Malcolm Davies and Jeyaraney Kathirithamby, Greek Insects Greek Insects (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1986). The Linnaean s.h.i.+ft to morphology exiled worms, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, and others to different cla.s.ses. For a detailed discussion of the taxonomic criteria at work in Aristotle and Linnaeus, see Scott Atran, (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1986). The Linnaean s.h.i.+ft to morphology exiled worms, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, and others to different cla.s.ses. For a detailed discussion of the taxonomic criteria at work in Aristotle and Linnaeus, see Scott Atran, Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).21. Atran, Atran, Cognitive Foundations of Natural History Cognitive Foundations of Natural History, 38.22. G.E.R. Lloyd, G.E.R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 18. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 18.23. I have drawn on Morge, "Entomology in the Western World," for these examples. I have drawn on Morge, "Entomology in the Western World," for these examples.24. In 1668, Francesco Redi carried out his famous series of experiments in which several flasks containing meat were prepared with various types of coverings. Maggots appeared only in those to which flies had access, a result that dealt a significant but not fatal blow to the theory of spontaneous generation. The question, in fact, stayed open long after the use of microscopes became widespread. It was only with Pasteur's experiments of 1859 that the basis of the dispute s.h.i.+fted firmly from philosophy to experiment. In 1668, Francesco Redi carried out his famous series of experiments in which several flasks containing meat were prepared with various types of coverings. Maggots appeared only in those to which flies had access, a result that dealt a significant but not fatal blow to the theory of spontaneous generation. The question, in fact, stayed open long after the use of microscopes became widespread. It was only with Pasteur's experiments of 1859 that the basis of the dispute s.h.i.+fted firmly from philosophy to experiment.25. Kaufmann, Kaufmann, Mastery of Nature Mastery of Nature, 42; Vignau-Wilberg, "Excursus: Insects," 4041.26. Grant, "Aristotelianism," 9495. Grant, "Aristotelianism," 9495.27. Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 38082. Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 38082.28. Quoted in ibid., 378; Job 14:1. Quoted in ibid., 378; Job 14:1.29. Michel de Montaigne, "Of Cannibals" (157880), in Michel de Montaigne, "Of Cannibals" (157880), in The Complete Works The Complete Works, trans. Donald M. Frame (New York: Everyman's Library, 2003), 18293.30. Aldrovandi's Aldrovandi's Monstrorum historia Monstrorum historia was published posthumously in 1642. See Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 377. In this respect, the Gonzalez family took its place in the history of exhibition and examination visited on all kinds of non-normative others transported to Europe in the colonial period. Effective accounts of well-known examples-of which there are many-include Londa Schiebinger's discussion of Sara Baartman, the so-called Hottentot Venus, in was published posthumously in 1642. See Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects," 377. In this respect, the Gonzalez family took its place in the history of exhibition and examination visited on all kinds of non-normative others transported to Europe in the colonial period. Effective accounts of well-known examples-of which there are many-include Londa Schiebinger's discussion of Sara Baartman, the so-called Hottentot Venus, in Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), and Phillips Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume's (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), and Phillips Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume's Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992). (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).31. Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects." Hendrix, "Of Hirsutes and Insects."32. Lee Hendrix, "The Writing Model Book," in Hendrix and Vignau-Wilberg, Lee Hendrix, "The Writing Model Book," in Hendrix and Vignau-Wilberg, Mira calligraphiae monumenta Mira calligraphiae monumenta, 42.33. Frazer distinguishes h.o.m.oeopathic magic from contagious magic based on what he calls the law of contact, which works on substances-such as hair or nail clippings-drawn from the targeted body itself rather than its likeness. See James George Frazer, Frazer distinguishes h.o.m.oeopathic magic from contagious magic based on what he calls the law of contact, which works on substances-such as hair or nail clippings-drawn from the targeted body itself rather than its likeness. See James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (London: Macmillan, 1911), 3:55119. (London: Macmillan, 1911), 3:55119.34. R.J.W. Evans explains this as follows: "The object of such a philosophy was not only to describe the hidden forces of nature but also to control them, since the initiate who understood their powers could also apply his knowledge. This pursuit was magic, yet-as its exponents never ceased explaining-the magic was 'natural' and not 'black,' for the inspiration which made it possible was divine not diabolical." Evans, R.J.W. Evans explains this as follows: "The object of such a philosophy was not only to describe the hidden forces of nature but also to control them, since the initiate who understood their powers could also apply his knowledge. This pursuit was magic, yet-as its exponents never ceased explaining-the magic was 'natural' and not 'black,' for the inspiration which made it possible was divine not diabolical." Evans, Rudolf II and His World Rudolf II and His World, 197.35. "It is no accident that the great conquering races of the world have done most to advance and spread civilization," he wrote in a characteristic commentary. Frazer, "It is no accident that the great conquering races of the world have done most to advance and spread civilization," he wrote in a characteristic commentary. Frazer, Golden Bough Golden Bough, 3:118.36. Frazer, Frazer, Golden Bough Golden Bough, 3:55, 56.37. Michael Taussig, Michael Taussig, My Cocaine Museum My Cocaine Museum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 80; Walter Benjamin, "On the Mimetic Faculty," in (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 80; Walter Benjamin, "On the Mimetic Faculty," in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, ed. Peter Demetz, trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 33336.38. Kaufmann, Kaufmann, Mastery of Nature Mastery of Nature, 7999. For a very different discussion of this painting, which situates it in the history of early-modern ideas of beetles, see Yves Cambefort, "A Sacred Insect on the Margins: Emblematic Beetles in the Renaissance," in Insect Poetics Insect Poetics, ed. Eric C. Brown (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 200222.39. Hendrix and Vignau-Wilberg, Hendrix and Vignau-Wilberg, Mira calligraphiae monumenta. Mira calligraphiae monumenta.40. Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History," in Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History," in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), 25364; and Benjamin, "One-Way Street," in Reflections Reflections, 6194.41. Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in Illuminations Illuminations, 21752.42. Kaufmann, Kaufmann, Mastery of Nature Mastery of Nature, 3848.

Jews1. Aharon Appelfeld, Aharon Appelfeld, The Iron Tracks The Iron Tracks, trans. Jeffrey M. Green (New York: Schocken Books, 1998).2. Heinrich Himmler, speech to SS officers, April 24, 1943, Kharkov, Ukraine, reprinted in U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Heinrich Himmler, speech to SS officers, April 24, 1943, Kharkov, Ukraine, reprinted in U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality, n.a.z.i Conspiracy and Aggression n.a.z.i Conspiracy and Aggression (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 4:574. (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 4:574.3. In exile in Britain and the United States, Szyk worked tirelessly to publicize events in Europe. A friend of Vladimir Jabotinsky and, later, Peter Bergson (Hillel Kook), he put his work at the service of the Revisionists-whose movement was fo