Berlin 1961 Part 31

Kennedy had never questioned: Gus Russo, Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK. Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998, 13a"15; Jones, The Bay of Pigs, 38, 76a"78, 96, 100a"102.

Also, leaks had been: Russo, Live by the Sword, 16.

The April 17 invasion: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VI, Kennedya"Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 9.

Khrushchev wasnat buying Kennedyas: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VI, Kennedya"Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 9.

Kennedy had responded: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VI, Kennedya"Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 10.

With that exchange: Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 189; Laurence Leamer, The Kennedy Men: 1901a"1963. New York: HarperCollins, 2001, 501, 508.

Just six days earlier: Thomas, The Very Best Men, 253; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 114; Leamer, The Kennedy Men: 1909a"1963, 501, 508; aNation: Bitter Week,a Time, 04/28/1961; Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980, 347a"348.

If the president: E. B. Potter, Admiral Arleigh A. Burke. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Inst.i.tute Press, 2005; Gordon M. Goldstein, Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2008, 39; Sidey, JFK, 110; Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 270a"271.

Kennedy ended the three-hour: Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 271; https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/agency-andthe-hill/12-The%20Agency%20and%20the%20Hill_Part2-Chapter9.pdf: chapter 9, Oversight of Covert Action, 268.

Acheson immediately grasped: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH; Chace, Acheson, 387.

Speaking before diplomats: Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 127.

With a tone of dismay: Acheson Letter to Truman, May 3, 1961 (courtesy David Acheson), in David S. McLellan and David C. Acheson, eds., Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980, 206a"207.

He had known in advance: Vladislav M. Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlinas Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, 243.

Though Kennedy had avoided: Taubman, Khrushchev, 492; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 121.

aI donat understand Kennedya: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Krizisy i Rakety, 102a"106.

That said, Khrushchev was concerned: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 348a"349.

Parisas Left Bank: Jrn Donner, Report from Berlin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961.

Donner considered the difference: Donner, Report from Berlin, XI.

Like West Berlin: Interview with Vern Pike, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., November 17, 2008.

9. PERILOUS DIPLOMACY.

aThe American governmenta: Archive of the Main Intelligence Administration of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU), aKratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s R. Kennedi (9 Maya 1961 G.o.da-14 Dekabria 1962 roga)a [Summary: Meeting of G. Bolshakov with R. Kennedy, May 9, 1961a"December 14, 1962].

aBerlin is a festering sorea: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 24, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 24, 1961.

Wearing a white s.h.i.+rt: GRU, aKratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.a Bolshakov was just one of two: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 65.

Thompson put down the phone: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Docs. 65, 66.

After a day of reflection: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 67.

Special envoy Averell Harriman: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XXIV, 199a"200, 209a"210.

Beyond that, Rusk told: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 67.

It suited Bolshakov: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy J. Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958a"1964. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, 119a"123; interview with Frank Holeman, August 6, 1995, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.; Georgi Bolshakov, aGoryachaya Linayaa (Hot Line), Novoye Vremya, no. 4 (1989), 38a"40; Pravda, Bolshakov Meetings; GRU, aKratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.a What gave Bolshakov: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 119a"113, citing GRU, Biography of Georgi Bolshakov; Dino Brugioni and Robert F. McCort, eds., Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Random House, 1991, 176a"178; Zvezda, no. 7 (1997); Benjamin C. Bradlee, Conversations with Kennedy. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975, 194; James W. Symington., The Stately Game. New York: Macmillan, 1971, 144a"145.

However, Bolshakovas most important: Was.h.i.+ngton Times, September 27, 1996.

Bolshakov had worked Holeman: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 111, citing interview with Frank Holeman, August 6, 1995.

When Bolshakov returned: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 111; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 153a"154; interview with Frank Holeman; Richard Nixon Papers, National Archives, Rose Mary Woodsa"Nixon, 12/18/1958.

When Bolshakov replaced Gvozdev: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 109a"112; Brugioni and McCort, Eyeball to Eyeball, 176a"177; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, USSR, International Service, aKennedy Sees Soviet Journalists,a Daily Report No. 12327, June 1961; Bolshakov, aGoryachaya Linaya,a 38a"40.

With Guthmanas blessing: Bolshakov, aGoryachaya Linaya,a 38a"40.

At the Justice Department: Bolshakov, aGoryachaya Linaya,a 38a"40.

aThe American governmenta: GRU, aKratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.a The two countries: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, Doc. 4.

Behind Bobbyas proposal: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, Doc. 19, 31.

And Moscow wanted any verification: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 351.

In Geneva, Soviet officials: Freedman, Kennedyas Wars, 302a"304; Roger Kershaw, Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition. New York: Routledge, 2001, 39a"40; Timothy N. Castle, At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955a"1975. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, 40a"42, 46a"48.

On the same day, Khrushchev delivered: New York Times, 05/13/1961; Memo, Lucius Battlea"Bundy, May 25, 1961.

The letter made no mention: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. VI, Kennedya"Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 15.

Kennedy sent cables: JFKL, Kennedya"Adenauer, May 16, 1961.

On May 17, State Department: JFKL, Henry Owen, National Security Council, May 17, 1961, NSF Box 81, Germany, Berlin, General, 5/61.

He suggested putting more money: DNSA, Memorandum, May 17, 1961, Secret, Berlin Crisis, BC02046.

Western European and U.S. commentators: aKennedys welker Lorbeer,a Die Zeit, 5/26/1961; Wall Street Journal, 06/01/1961.

In its review of European: Wall Street Journal, 06/01/1961.

Although Vienna was technically: Wall Street Journal, 06/01/1961.

aOur friends,a said the amba.s.sador: AVP-RF, Letter from Amba.s.sador Pervukhin to Foreign Minister Gromyko, 19 May 1961, Top secret file, Fond: referentyra po GDR, Opis 6, Por 34, Inv. 193/3, vol. 1, Papka 46, retrieved from Harrison, aUlbricht and the Concrete aRose,aa CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 90a"95, Appendix D; Murphy, Kondrashev, and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, 362.

Two weeks ahead of the summit: Mikhail Boltunov, Nevidimoe Oruzhie GRU [Invisible GRU Weapon]. Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002, 281a"283; Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 122a"123.

Bobby made clear: Boltunov, Nevidimoe Oruzhie GRU, 281a"283; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 156; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 349a"350, 354.

One of Bolshakovas Moscow bosses: Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 112.

Thompson did not take notesaThompson probed, asking: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 24, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 24, 1961.

Khrushchev responded calmly: DNSA, Thompsonas Conversation with Khrushchev on Berlin, Prior to the Vienna Summit, Secret, Cable, 2887, May 24, 1961.

Thompsonas later cable to Was.h.i.+ngton: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 28, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 27, 1961, 1 p.m.

On the same day, Kennedy: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 27, Telegram from the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State, Berlin, May 25, 1961, 7 p.m.

Kennedy called for a defense: New York Times, 05/26/1961.

Directly responding to what: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 355a"357; AVP-RF, Kuznetsov, May 26, 1961, 3.66.311, 58a"61; Stenographic account, May 26, 1961, and Protocol No. 331, May 26, 1961, TsK KPSS.

Khrushchev ended his war council: Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscowas Amba.s.sador to Americaas Six Cold War Presidents (1962a"1986). New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995, 44a"45; AVP-RF, Kuznetsov, May 26, 1961, 3.66.311, 58a"61; Stenographic account, May 26, 1961, and Protocol No. 331, May 26, 1961, TsK KPSS; AVP-RF, List Commemorative Gifts and Souvenirs for Possible Delivery at the Time of N. S. Khrushchevas Stay in Austria, May 27, 1961.

Kennedy lifted off: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 178; Edward M. Kennedy, The Fruitful Bough: A Tribute to Joseph P. Kennedy. Privately printed, 1965, 264; Sidey, JFK, 173.

He was using crutches: a1961 Man of the Yeara"John F. Kennedy,a Time, 01/05/1962; G.o.duti, Kennedyas Kitchen Cabinet: Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1961a"1963, 102.

10. VIENNA: LITTLE BOY BLUE MEETS AL CAPONE.

aSo weare stucka: Kenneth P. OaDonnell and David F. Powers, with Joe McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Yea: Memories of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972, 292.

aThe U.S. is unwillinga: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 87, Memcon, p. 219.

aG.o.d, we oughta: Edward Klein, All Too Human: The Love Story of Jack and Jackie Kennedy. New York: Pocket Books, 1997, 267.

So began what the three men: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 292; Seymour M. Hersh, The Dark Side of Camelot. Boston: Little, Brown, 1997, 10, 228.

Between 500,000 and 1 million people: Klein, All Too Human, 266a"268.

At Orly Airport: New York Times, 06/01/1961.

The cheers grew: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 06/01/1961.

Abroad, Kennedyas failure: Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, 60.

It seemed just another of his presidencyas: Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917a"1963. Boston: Little, Brown, 2003, 397a"399; Janet G. Travell, Office Hours: Day and Nighta"The Autobiography of Janet Travell, M.D. New York: World, 1968, 3, 6, 385.

Kennedyas personal physician: JFKL, Janet G. Travell OH, Dr. Janet Travell medical records; Parmet, JFK, 118a"123; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 188a"191; Janet G. Travell, Office Hours: Day and Night.

Known as aDr. Feelgooda: Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 398a"399; Hersh, Dark Side of Camelot, 5, 235a"236; Klein, All Too Human, 239.

Kennedy was so pleased: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 147; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 187a"191.

On the night of their grand: Klein, All Too Human; 271.

aYou feel like Supermana: Klein, All Too Human, 240.

aacute and chronic intravenous amphetamine poisoninga: Robert H. Ferrell, Ill Advised: Presidential Health and Public Trust. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992, 156.

At Bobbyas urging: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 147, 243, 699n; John Whitcomb and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at Americaas Most Famous Residence. New York: Routledge, 2000, 359.

Eisenhower had warned Kennedy: Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 662; Otis L. Graham Jr. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds., Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times: An Encyclopedic View. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1985, 94a"96; DDEL, Herter Papers, Meetings with the President, 1961; in FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XXIV, Laos Crisis, Doc. 1, Memo of Conference with President Eisenhower, January 2, 1961.

In contrast to his predecessors: Klein, All Too Human, 268; New York Times, 06/01/1961; OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 289; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 184; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 350a"351; JFKL, Charles E. Bohlen OH.

Safely back: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 289.

While Kennedy endured: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 440.

Communist Party cells: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 06/28/1961.

aI believe Khrushcheva: Department of State, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, May 27, 1961, Central Files, 611.61/5-2761, Secret, Priority, Limit Distribution, in FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 79.

Without confidence, Thompson: New York Times, 06/28/1961.

Khrushchev swelled with pride: Ta.s.s Dispatches. N. Novikov, in Pravda, May 31 and June 2, 1961.

De Gaulle recalled how he had told the Soviet leader: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 30, Memcon, Paris, May 31, 1961.

Kennedy doubted dealing: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 30, Memcon, Paris, May 31, 1961.

In his comments, Kennedy: John F. Kennedy. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedya"Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 1961a"1963. Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962a"1964, vol. 1, 423.

The view through long: Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 06/02/1961.

Yet the star that evening: New York Times, 06/02/1961.

During their atub talka: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 292.

Kennedyas advance team: Monika Sommer and Michaela Lindinger, eds., Die Augen der Welt auf Wien gerichtet: Gipfel 1961 Chruschtschowa"Kennedy. Innsbruck and Vienna: Katalog Wien Museum, 2005, 68; Die Ill.u.s.trierte Krone, 06/03/1961, 06/04/1961; Osterreichische Neue Tageszeitung, 06/03/1961, 06/04/1961.

The bald top: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 292a"293; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 404.

In chronicling the first: New York Times, 06/04/1961.

The German intellectual paper: aDie Gefangenen von Wien: Das Treffen der Zwei,a Die Zeit, 06/02/1961.

Viennese teenager: Sommer/Lindinger. Augen der Welt auf Wien: Gipfel 1961.

Antic.i.p.ating two long days: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 83, Memcon, Vienna, June 3, 1961; 12:45p.m.

In pre-summit conversations: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 76.

Continuing to disregard his expertsa: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH.

aaMiscalculationa! aMiscalculationa! aMiscalculationa!a: Khrushchevas reaction according to Kennedyas own account, as quoted in Donald Kagan. On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace. New York: Anchor Books, 1996, 468a"469; OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 295.

Khrushchev remained in full voice: Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 197.